Table 2.

List of drugs having clinical effectiveness in COVID-19 therapy targeting various targets of SARS-CoV-2.

S. No.	Drug	Use	Target	Mechanism of action	Clinical trial	Ref.
1	Atazanavir	HIV	SARS-CoV-2 Mpro	Atazanavir could adjust in Mpro active site and can I inhibit its activity resulting in a disruption in viral replication.	Phase 2: NCT04459286	[64]
2	Baricitinib	Rheumatoid arthritis	Human AP2-associated protein kinase 1 (AAK1); Janus kinase (JAK) 1 and 2	Can block the entry and infectivity of SARS CoV-2 in pneumocytes by impairing AAK1 that are involved in virus endocytosis; also inhibit the intracellular signaling pathway of cytokines IL-2, 6, 10 and INF-γ, a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor that is enhanced in severe SARS CoV-2 infection	Phase 2: NCT04321993; Phases 2 and 3: NCT04320277; Phase 3 NCT04421027	[[65], [66], [67]]
3	Mefuparib hydrochloride (CVL218)	Cancer	N protein; poly-ADP-ribose polymerase 1(PARP1)	Can target N protein to reduce its RNA binding and thus impede viral replication; inhibit the production of IL-6 by CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells	Phase 1	[68]
4	Pemirolast, nitrofurantoin isoniazid pyruvate, eriodictyol	Numerous	ACE2 receptor	Can interact with ACE2 receptor more efficiently and inhibit undesirable S protein to ACE2 interaction.	–	[69]
5	Cepharanthine, ergoloid, hypericin	Numerous	S protein	Can cause favorable ring-protein interaction which blocks host recognition	–	[69]
6	Remdesivir	Ebola	RdRP	Nucleoside (adenosine) analogue RdRP inhibitor which inhibits RNA synthesis and can result in premature termination	Phase 3: NCT04292899	[70,71]
7	Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine	Malaria, lupus and rheumatoid arthritis	Affect both early and late stage of viral replication	keep the virus out of host cells by disturbing ACE2 glycosylation and breaking down the production of viral proteins by inhibiting endosomal acidification.	Phase 2 and 3: NCT04353336	[70,72,[74], [75], [76]]
8	Lopinavir/ritonavir combination	HIV	3CLpro	Disrupt the process of viral replication and release from the cell.	Phase 2: NCT0427668	[77,78]
9	Nafamostat or camostat	Pancreatitis	Serine protease TMPRSS2	Acts as an antagonist to the serine protease TMPRSS2; Prevents membrane fusion by reducing the release of cathepsin B.	Phase 2 and 3: NCT04418128 Phase 2: NCT04625114	[79]
10	Famotidine	Heartburn	PLpro	Possibly bind PLpro which is known to be essential to the entry of SARS-CoV-2	Phase 3: NCT04504240	[80]
11	Umifenovir	Influenza	Viral lipid membrane	Can bind viral lipid membrane and affect cellular trafficking of the virus	Phase 4: NCT04350684	[81]
12	Nitazoxanide	Influenza; diarrhoea	Not known	Can suppress maturation of the viral hemagglutinin and the viral transcription factor immediate-early 2 (IE2) as well as by activating the translation INF2α.	Phase 2: NCT04552483	[82]
13	Ivermectin	Influenza; dengue; broad-spectrum antiparasitic	Not known	Can inhibit expression of the viral N protein and IL-6; Inhibit viral IMPα/β1-mediated nuclear import, causing a reduction in viral replication; Can also work by binding and destabilizing cell-transport proteins used to enter the nucleus.	Phase 1: NCT04343092	[83]
14	Teicoplanin	Gram-positive bacterial infection	Not known	Inhibit the activity of cathepsin L which potentially plays an important role in blocking viral entry in the cells	–	[84]
15	Tocilizumab/sarilumab (mAb)	Rheumatoid arthritis	IL-6 receptor antagonists	Inhibition of IL-6 may attenuate pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis	Phase 3 and Phase 2/3: NCT04315298	[84]
16	Anti TNF-α agents	Rheumatoid arthritis	TNF-α	TNF-α blockage leads to down-regulation of pro-inflammatory mediators, including IL-1, IL-6, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as well as cytokines and acute-phase proteins	–	[84]