Table 2.
Effects of probiotics on the immune response to influenza vaccination.
| Reference | Vaccine Content | Probiotics& Dosage | Probiotic& Vaccination time | Immunological Parameters |
Effects of Probiotics on Response to Vaccine | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Probiotic Group | Control Group | |||||
| Namba et al. (2010) | A/ [H1N1] A/ [H3N2] B | 1 × 1011 CFU of BB536 daily for 5 weeks | 2 w before vaccination | IgA (mg/dL): 419 IgG (mg/dL): 1630 IgM (mg/dL):88 NK cell activity (%): 26 Neutrophil bactericidal activity (%): 88.9 A/H1N1 antibody titer (log):0.8 A/H3N2 antibody titer (log):1.5 B antibody titer (log):0.5 | IgA (mg/dL): 418 IgG (mg/dL): 1620 IgM (mg/dL):89 NK cell activity (%): 37 Neutrophil bactericidal activity (%): 92.7 A/H1N1 antibody titer (log):1.3 A/H3N2 antibody titer (log):0.6 B antibody titer (log):1.1 | The proportion of subjects who contracted influenza was significantly lower in the BB536 group than in the placebo group. The proportion of subjects with fever was also significantly lower in the BB536 group than in the placebo group. In the BB536 group, the NK cell activity and the bactericidal activity of the neutrophils were significantly higher at week 5 than before BB536 administration. |
| Fonollá et al. (2019) | A/ [H1N1] A/ [H3N2] B | L coryniformis 3 × 109 CFU | 2 w before vaccination | IgA (mg/dL): 4.13 IgG (mg/dL): 10.5 IL-4 (pg/mL): 0.78 IL10 (pg/mL): 3.47 TNF-α (pg/mL): 7.07 | IgA (mg/dL): 3.91 IgG (mg/dL): 10.28 IL-4 (pg/mL): 0.94 IL-10 (pg/mL): 2.47 TNF-α (pg/mL): 4.93 | The percentage of responders to vaccination was higher in the probiotic group than in the control group, and the incidence of respiratory symptoms associated with respiratory infections was also significantly lower (p = .007) |
| Akatsu et al. (2016) | A/ [H1N1] A/ [H3N2] B | Prebiotics, GOS and BGS | The doses of GOS and BGS were 4.0 g/day. Influenza vaccines were given at week 4 | IgG (g/dL): 1.5 IgA (mg/dL): 374 IgM (mg/dL): 105 H3N2:7 | IgG (g/dL): 1.5 IgA (mg/dL): 367 IgM (mg/dL): 108 H3N2: 1 | Higher H3N2-specific IgG levels were observed 3 w after vaccination (p = .090) |
| Davidson et al. (2011) | A/ [H1N1] A/ [H3N2] B | L.GG. 1 × 1010 CFU | Immediately after probiotics | 15% seroconversion for strain H1N1, 45% for strain H3N2, and 41% for strain B. There was no difference in seroconversion rates due to H1N1 and B strains between the treatment and placebo groups from baseline. | Increase in hemagglutinin titers in response to H3N2 strain 4 w after vaccination (p = .048). | |
| Jespersen et al. (2015) | A/ [H1N1] A/ [H3N2] B | L. paracasei subsp. paracasei, L. casei 431 1 × 1010 CFU | 3 w after probiotics | H1N1: 448 H3N2: 536 B: 475 | H1N1: 445 H3N2: 526 B: 465 | There was no difference in A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B strains-specific IgG levels 3 w after vaccination (p-values NS). There was no difference in seroconversion rates 3 w after vaccination (p-values NS). |
| Maruyama et al. (2016) | A/ [H1N1] A/ [H3N2] B | L. paracasei 1 × 1010 CFU | 3 w after probiotics | IgG (g/L): 14.4 IgA (g/L): 2.85 IgM (g/L): 0.90 NK activity (%): 33.8 Neutrophil bactericidal activity (%): 99.1 Neutrophil phagocytic activity (%): 93.4 | IgG (g/L) = 14.9 IgA (g/L): 3.04 IgM (g/L): 0.90 NK activity (%): 29.4 Neutrophil bactericidal activity (%): 98.5 Neutrophil phagocytic activity (%): 92.6 | There was no difference in A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B strains-specific IgG levels 6 w after vaccination (p = .643, .767, .828). There was no difference in total IgA, IgG, IgM levels 6 w after vaccination (p = .632, .821, .329). There was no difference in NK-cell activity, neutrophil bactericidal and phagocytic activity 6 w after vaccination (p = .814, .217, .560) |
| Rizzardini et al. (2012) | A/ [H1N1]A/ [H3N2]B | BB-12, L. paracasei subsp. paracasei, L. casei 1 × 109 CFU | 2 w after probiotics | IgG (BB-12): 81.1 IgG (L. casei 431): 28.6 | IgG (BB-12): 20.8 IgG (L. casei 431): 18.5 | Vaccine-specific plasma IgG in both probiotics groups was significantly greater, salivary vaccine-specific IgA was greater but not significant. No difference was found for salivary vaccine-specific IgA or IgM but was significantly greater in total |
| Enani et al. (2018) | A/ [H1N1] A/ [H3N2] B | B. longum bv. Infantis 1 × 109 CFU with a prebiotic | 4 w after probiotics | IgA memory: 14.3 IgG memory: 13 NCS memory: 46.6 Total IgA: 22.4 Total IgG: 20.6 | IgA memory: 19 IgG memory: 16.6 NCS memory: 60.3 Total IgA: 27.7 Total IgG: 24.9 | Vaccination (time effect) increased the number of memory, IgA + memory, IgG + memory, NCS memory, and total IgG + B cells in young subjects |