Table 2.

Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the association of measures of baseline cognitive function (2006–2010) with death from COVID-19 (2020)

	Adjusted for age, sex, and ethnicity	Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and comorbidity	Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and markers of socioeconomic status	Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and lifestyle factors	Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and biological factors
Verbal-numeric reasoning
Cases/Number at risk	125/180,198	123/177,361	90/145,975	119/177,545	77/126,190
1 (most disadvantaged)	2.04 (1.30, 3.20)	1.86 (1.18, 2.93)	2.22 (1.26, 3.94)	1.52 (0.95, 2.43)	2.32 (1.30, 4.14)
2	1.35 (0.86, 2.14)	1.29 (0.81, 2.03)	1.34 (0.78, 231)	1.27 (0.80, 2.01)	1.62 (0.90, 1.89)
3	1.0 (reference)	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
P for trend	0.002	0.007	0.006	0.082	0.004
Per SD disadvantage	1.32 (1.09, 1.59)	1.25 (1.04, 1.52)	1.31 (1.02, 1.67)	1.16 (0.96, 1.41)	1.29 (1.01, 1.64)
Reaction time
Cases/Number at risk	388/494,932	378/483,785	182/339,977	373/484,832	250/352,096
1	1.0 (reference)	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
2	0.97 (0.73, 1.30)	0.92 (0.69, 1.24)	1.01 (0.67, 1.54)	0.94 (0.70, 1.27)	0.90 (0.62, 1.30)
3 (most disadvantaged)	1.50 (1.15, 1.95)	1.40 (1.07, 1.83)	1.66 (1.13, 2.44)	1.35 (1.03, 1.77)	1.50 (1.08, 2.09)
P for trend	0.001	0.003	0.004	0.009	0.003
Per SD disadvantage	1.18 (1.09, 1.28)	1.16 (1.07, 1.27)	1.21 (1.07, 1.37)	1.15 (1.06, 1.25)	1.19 (1.07, 1.91)

Comorbidities: diagnoses of vascular or heart disease, diabetes, chronic bronchitis or emphysema, asthma, hypertension, and mental illness. Socioeconomic status (SES): educational attainment, occupational classification, and area deprivation. Lifestyle factors: body mass index, smoking status, alcohol intake, and physical activity. Biomarkers: Forced expiratory volume in the first second, and blood concentrations of C-reactive protein, glycated haemoglobin, and high-density lipoprotein.