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Schematic organization of human coronavirus (α and β CoVs) genomes. hCoVs contain large genomes about 26–32 kb in size. The 5′-end, two-thirds of the genome contain the overlapping open reading frames 1a and 1b. The remaining 3′-end one-third of the genome (expanded region) encodes for the structural spike (S), nucleocapsid (N), membrane (M), envelope (E), and accessory proteins (vary depending on the specific CoV).
