Table 2. Associations between five biological aging indicators and multiple health determinants.
For each biological aging indicator, linear models were fit with the health determinant as predictor, while controlling for sex. Beta’s and p-values from these models are presented here. In the 653 samples with all five data layers available, a composite index was constructed which was significantly associated with more variables than any of the five individual biological aging indicators. All biological aging indicators were age-regressed, only telomere length was not. Telomere length models were corrected for age instead. * Beta for telomere length was multiplied by −1 to compare with other biological aging indicators. All measures are coded such that higher values indicate advanced biological aging. Bold indicates FDR < 5%.
| Telomere Length | N=2936 | Epigeneticclock | N=1130 | Transcriptomic Clock | N = 1990 | Proteomic Clock | N=1837 | Metabolomic Clock | N=2910 | Composite Index (sum) | N=653 | Composite Index (PC1) | N=653 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beta* | P | Beta | P | Beta | P | Beta | P | Beta | P | Beta | P | Beta | P | ||
| Demographic | Sex (male/female) | -0.06 | 2.89E-04 | -0.10 | 4.65E-04 | -0.15 | 3.64E-11 | -0.03 | 1.46E-01 | -0.08 | 1.25E-05 | -0.18 | 2.33E-06 | -0.11 | 3.59E-03 |
| Education (# years) | -0.03 | 1.12E-01 | -0.02 | 5.21E-01 | -0.01 | 6.37E-01 | -0.05 | 3.43E-02 | -0.03 | 8.22E-02 | -0.04 | 3.11E-01 | -0.05 | 2.27E-01 | |
| Lifestyle | Alcohol use (units per week) | 0.03 | 1.05E-01 | -0.05 | 1.40E-01 | 0.00 | 9.21E-01 | 0.07 | 2.89E-03 | 0.04 | 4.57E-02 | 0.07 | 6.05E-02 | 0.09 | 1.50E-02 |
| Smoking (pack years) | 0.06 | 3.11E-03 | 0.02 | 6.22E-01 | 0.05 | 1.55E-02 | 0.10 | 1.33E-05 | 0.05 | 5.09E-03 | 0.10 | 1.15E-02 | 0.12 | 2.85E-03 | |
| Physical activity | 0.02 | 2.75E-01 | -0.06 | 3.88E-02 | -0.04 | 6.42E-02 | 0.03 | 1.51E-01 | 0.01 | 5.18E-01 | -0.04 | 3.62E-01 | 0.01 | 7.38E-01 | |
| Somatic Health | BMI | 0.04 | 1.80E-02 | 0.09 | 3.94E-03 | 0.14 | 6.02E-10 | 0.12 | 9.82E-08 | 0.23 | 2.07E-35 | 0.24 | 2.32E-10 | 0.22 | 2.18E-09 |
| Physical disability | 0.03 | 9.11E-02 | 0.11 | 1.41E-04 | 0.04 | 8.61E-02 | 0.04 | 7.42E-02 | -0.01 | 4.24E-01 | 0.10 | 7.38E-03 | 0.03 | 4.01E-01 | |
| Lung capacity | 0.02 | 4.19E-01 | 0.03 | 4.65E-01 | 0.04 | 2.13E-01 | -0.04 | 1.51E-01 | 0.03 | 2.37E-01 | 0.03 | 5.34E-01 | -0.02 | 6.57E-01 | |
| Hand grip strength | -0.02 | 3.33E-01 | -0.06 | 1.71E-01 | 0.03 | 3.52E-01 | 0.01 | 7.30E-01 | 0.03 | 2.24E-01 | -0.03 | 6.14E-01 | 0.03 | 6.20E-01 | |
| Cardiometabolic disease (no/yes) | 0.02 | 3.37E-01 | 0.04 | 1.56E-01 | 0.03 | 1.44E-01 | 0.03 | 1.35E-01 | 0.05 | 3.94E-03 | 0.10 | 1.37E-02 | 0.08 | 3.19E-02 | |
| Respiratory disease (no/yes) | -0.02 | 2.12E-01 | -0.01 | 6.34E-01 | 0.02 | 2.85E-01 | 0.03 | 1.27E-01 | 0.01 | 4.67E-01 | -0.03 | 4.70E-01 | 0.01 | 7.17E-01 | |
| Musculoskeletal disease (no/yes) | 0.00 | 8.11E-01 | -0.01 | 7.37E-01 | 0.04 | 1.04E-01 | 0.02 | 4.36E-01 | 0.02 | 2.23E-01 | 0.09 | 2.27E-02 | 0.11 | 4.96E-03 | |
| Digestive disease (no/yes) | 0.03 | 5.77E-02 | -0.02 | 5.71E-01 | 0.06 | 9.76E-03 | 0.06 | 1.21E-02 | 0.02 | 2.81E-01 | 0.05 | 2.01E-01 | 0.04 | 2.86E-01 | |
| Neurological disease (no/yes) | -0.02 | 2.58E-01 | 0.02 | 5.60E-01 | 0.01 | 5.44E-01 | 0.02 | 2.84E-01 | 0.02 | 1.93E-01 | -0.04 | 2.64E-01 | -0.02 | 5.09E-01 | |
| Endocrine disease (no/yes) | -0.01 | 4.45E-01 | 0.01 | 8.13E-01 | -0.01 | 5.75E-01 | 0.06 | 1.03E-02 | 0.03 | 1.23E-01 | 0.06 | 1.18E-01 | 0.09 | 1.64E-02 | |
| Cancer (no/yes) | 0.00 | 9.66E-01 | 0.02 | 5.65E-01 | 0.02 | 4.88E-01 | 0.03 | 1.81E-01 | 0.02 | 2.01E-01 | 0.08 | 3.22E-02 | 0.07 | 5.00E-02 | |
| Metabolic syndrome (# components) | 0.06 | 6.35E-04 | 0.04 | 1.46E-01 | 0.13 | 9.98E-09 | 0.13 | 5.34E-09 | 0.21 | 4.53E-29 | 0.28 | 9.10E-13 | 0.26 | 6.41E-12 | |
| # Chronic diseases | 0.00 | 7.99E-01 | 0.03 | 3.63E-01 | 0.05 | 3.20E-02 | 0.09 | 1.24E-04 | 0.03 | 1.39E-01 | 0.06 | 1.26E-01 | 0.07 | 8.43E-02 | |
| Mental Health | Current MDD (no/yes) | 0.03 | 1.59E-01 | 0.09 | 1.99E-03 | 0.07 | 1.68E-02 | 0.08 | 7.62E-03 | -0.03 | 1.61E-01 | 0.11 | 6.05E-03 | -0.12 | 2.29E-01 |
| Depression severity | 0.04 | 2.40E-02 | 0.12 | 8.67E-05 | 0.03 | 2.76E-01 | 0.07 | 5.99E-03 | -0.02 | 3.74E-01 | 0.13 | 7.61E-04 | 0.05 | 1.87E-01 | |
| Childhood Trauma | 0.01 | 4.54E-01 | 0.12 | 7.99E-05 | 0.03 | 2.06E-01 | 0.04 | 8.96E-02 | 0.04 | 2.46E-02 | 0.09 | 1.96E-02 | 0.07 | 7.19E-02 |
* Beta for telomere length was multiplied by -1 to compare with other biological clocks.
Bold indicates FDR<5%.