Table 1.
Characteristics of participants, according to BMI and periodontal disease status at baseline.
| Owt/Ob | Nwt | p ‡ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With SP | Without SP | p ϯ | With SP | Without SP | p ϯ | ||
| Age (years) | 52.50 (51.50, 65.50) | 46.00 (39.00, 50.00) | 0.01 | 46.00 (41.50, 53.00) | 43.00 (36.00, 48.00) | 0.27 | 0.02 |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 1 | 3 | — | 1 | 1 | — | — |
| Female | 5 | 8 | 4 | 6 | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.07 (23.96, 29.20) | 25.00 (24.16, 32.18) | — | 21.70 (19.28, 22.20) | 19.98 (18.14, 22.32) | — | — |
| Waist circumference (cm) | |||||||
| Male | 97.00 | 92.00 (91.00, —) | — | 83.00 | 80 .00 | — | — |
| Female | 90.00 (81.50, 92.25) | 84.00 (81.25, 89.88) | 74.00 (67.75, 78.75) | 73.00 (66.75, 67.75) | |||
| Blood chemistry | |||||||
| Fasting blood sugar (mg/dl) | 99.50 (94.50, 114.25) | 95.00 (87.00, 108.00) | 0.22 | 91.00 (83.50, 96.00) | 86.00 (82.00, 91.00) | 0.43 | 0.03 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 217.00 (203.50, 229.00) | 228.00 (198.00, 235.00) | 0.88 | 217.00 (167.50, 251.50) | 181.00 (158.00, 216.00 | 0.34 | 0.15 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 86 (70.50, 190.25) | 148.00 (111.00, 218.00) | 0.12 | 88.00 (65.50, 115.50) | 82.00 (45.00, 100.00) | 0.43 | 0.02 |
| Personal history | |||||||
| Exercise | |||||||
| Yes (≥3 times/week) | 2 (33.30%) | 3 (27.30%) | 0.09 | 2 (40.00%) | 3 (42.90%) | 0.56 | 0.10 |
| No (<3 times/week) | 4 (66.70%) | 8 (72.70%) | 3 (60.00%) | 4 (57.10%) | |||
| Education | |||||||
| <Bachelor's degree | 4 (66.70%) | 4 (63.60%) | 0.81 | 3 (60.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | 0.08 | 0.35 |
| ≥Bachelor's degree | 2 (33.30%) | 7 (36.40%) | 2 (40.00%) | 7 (100.00%) | |||
| Alcohol consumption | |||||||
| Current | 1 (16.70%) | 5 (45.50%) | 0.23 | 2 (40.00%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| Never/former | 5 (83.30%) | 6 (54.50%) | 3 (60.00%) | 7 (100.00%) | |||
| Brushing habit | |||||||
| ≤1 time/day | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | — | 0 (0.00%) | 0 (0.00%) | — | — |
| ≥2 times/day | 6 (100.00%) | 11 (100.00%) | 5 (100.00%) | 7 (100.00%) | |||
| Periodontal parameters | |||||||
| PD (mm) | 3.56 (2.92, 4.30) | 2.43 (2.22, 2.61) | <0.001 | 3.95 (3.35, 4.38) | 2.13 (1.91, 2.26) | 0.003 | <0.001 |
| CAL (mm) | 4.19 (3.73, 6.42) | 0.55 (0.22, 1.73) | <0.001 | 4.36 (3.27, 5.17) | 0.74 (0.36, 1.54) | 0.005 | <0.001 |
| BOP (%) | 81.64 (68.24, 99.31) | 81.25 (74.40, 91.23) | 0.73 | 85.33 (83.95, 100.00) | 62.96 (36.90, 66.67) | 0.02 | 0.03 |
| Plaque score (%) | 60.94 (41.61, 83.96) | 50.00 (41.67, 72.62) | 0.59 | 56.82 (54.48, 79.10) | 38.10 (23.81, 64.81) | 0.15 | 0.21 |
| Cytokine levels | |||||||
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 16.17 (8.32, 28.93) | 15.76 (11.40, 23.35) | 1.00 | 12.13 (9.93, 20.70) | 6.69 (5.99, 11.29) | 0.05 | 0.03 |
| Adiponectin (μg/mL) | 4.57 (2.90, 6.45) | 3.29 (2.00, 4.82) | 0.30 | 4.23 (2.69, 6.44) | 3.22 (2.70, 5.02) | 0.64 | 0.64 |
| CRP (μg/mL) | 3.17 (2.08, 8.04) | 3.35 (1.41, 5.64) | 0.59 | 1.58 (0.66, 3.97) | 0.58 (0.41, 4.36) | 0.76 | 0.34 |
Data are shown as median (Q1 and Q3) or n (%). ϮMann–Whitney U test or chi-square. ‡Kruskal–Wallis test or chi-square. PD, probing depth (mean of probing depth of full mouth); CAL, clinical attachment level (mean of the clinical attachment level of full mouth); BOP, bleeding on probing; BMI, body mass index; CRP, C-reactive protein; Owt, overweight; Ob, obesity; Nwt, normal weight; SP, severe periodontitis.