TABLE 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| # | Study | Country | Study design | Enrolled participants, no | Participant age, years | Implants | Types of analgesic drugs | Timing of administration of analgesic drugs | Outcome measures of interest |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Pereira et al. (2020) | Brazil | Parallel RCT | 54 | 37–74 | Single | Ibuprofen vs. placebo | 1 h before surgery | Postop pain (VAS), need for rescue medication, adverse events |
| 2 | Bhutani et al. (2019) | India | Parallel RCT | 40 | 16–40 | Single | Piroxicam vs. placebo | 1 h before surgery | Postop pain (VAS), swelling (using the distance between the lateral corner of the eye and the angle of the mandible and the distance between the tragus of the ear and the outer corner of the mouth) |
| 3 | Iero et al. (2018) | United States | Parallel RCT | 69 | ≥18 | Full-arch | Standard care + liposomal bupivacaine vs. standard care | At the end of surgery | Postop pain (0–10 scale), patient’s satisfaction (1–5 scale), need for rescue medication, adverse events |
| 4 | Sánchez-Pérez et al. (2018) | Spain | Parallel RCT | 100 | ≥18 | Single | Dexketoprofen trometamol vs. placebo | 15 min before surgery | Postop pain (VAS), adverse events |
| 5 | Bahammam et al. (2017) | Kingdom of Saudi Arabia | Parallel RCT | 117 | ≥18 | Single | Ibuprofen vs. dexamethasone vs. Placebo | 1 h before surgery + 6 h after the first dose | Post pain (VAS, NR101), patient’s satisfaction (VRS-4), need for rescue medication, adverse events |
| 6 | Meta et al. (2017) | Argentina | Parallel RCT | 30 | 40–85 | Multiple | Ketorolac vs. ketorolac + betamethasone | Within 2 h before surgery | Postop pain (VAS) |
| 7 | Samieirad et al. (2017) | Iran | Parallel RCT | 80 | 35–55 | Single | Caffeine vs. Codeine | 1 h before surgery + every 6 h until 48 h | Postop pain (VAS), swelling (based on VAS) |
| 8 | Raja Rajeswari et al. (2017) | India | Crossover RCT | 20 | 30–65 | Single | Diclofenac diethylamine transdermal patches vs. Oral diclofenac sodium | After surgery for 72 h | Postop pain (NRS, VRS, PRS), patient’s satisfaction (preferred treatment), adverse events |
| 9 | Li et al. (2015) | China | Parallel RCT | 60 | 19–60 | Multiple | Midazolam + fentanyl vs. dexmedetomidine + fentanyl | Peri-operative | Postop pain (VAS) |
| 10 | Bölükbasi et al. (2012) | Turkey | Parallel RCT | 92 | 18–65 | Single/multiple | Lornoxicam vs. Placebo | After surgery | Postop pain (0–3 scale), patient’s satisfaction (1–7 scale), need for rescue medication, adverse events |
| 11 | Karabouda et al. (2007) | Turkey | Parallel RCT | 100 | Mean 53 | Multiple | Meloxicam vs. teloxicam | 1 day before surgery + 1 h before surgery + for 2 days after surgery | Postop pain (VAS), need for rescue medication |
In Iero et al. (2018), standard care included standard care is described as local infiltration at the surgical site with ≤40 ml lidocaine 2% with epinephrine at the beginning of surgery (nerve block); local infiltration at the surgical site with seven carpujects of bupivacaine 0.5% with epinephrine (three mandibular and four maxillary near the end of surgery), ibuprofen (600 mg every 6 h), and oxycodone 5 mg tablets (1 to 2 tablets every 6 h as needed for severe pain).