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Cytokine levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, and TNFα in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell supernatants of healthy controls are shown after incubation for 24 hours with either RFASE (1 μg/mL) or LPS (1 μg/mL). DMSO 0.1% served as negative control. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.Abbreviations: DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide; IL, interleukin; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; ns, not significant; RFASE, raffinose fatty acid sulphate ester; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.
