Table 1.
List of Selected Studies and Study Characteristics.
| References | Country | World bank income level | Healthcare worker sample description | Mental health conditions/stressors included |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alhaj et al. (14) | Multi-country: Canada, the United States, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, and Italy | High income and upper middle income | Neurosurgery residents | Mental health, workplace stress (lack of social life) |
| Amerio et al. (15) | Italy | High income | General practitioners | Depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, insomnia, distress |
| Cai et al. (16) | China | Upper middle income | Healthcare workers who provided treatment during outbreak | Mental health |
| Chen et al. (17) | China | Upper middle income | Doctors and nurses | Depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, distress, insomnia |
| Chen et al. (18) | China | Upper middle income | Medical workers | Mental health |
| Chen et al. (19) | Taiwan | High income | Healthcare workers in a tertiary referral center | Mental health |
| Chowdhury et al. (20) | United Kingdom | High income | Physicians, nurses, and other professionals | Depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, distress, workplace burnout |
| Chung and Yeung (21) | China | Upper middle income | All healthcare workers | Depressive symptoms |
| Civantos et al. (22) | United States | High income | Otaloaryngology physicians and residents | Depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, distress, workplace burnout |
| Dimitriu et al. (23) | Romania | High income | First-Line medical residents in emergency unit, ICU, radiology, general surgery, gynecology, and orthopedics | Workplace burnout |
| Du et al. (24) | China | Upper middle income | Frontline workers | Depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, distress, sleep quality |
| Fawaz and Samaha (25) | Lebanon | Upper middle income | Nurses and physicians caring for COVID patients | Anxiety symptoms (worry related to infection) |
| Feng et al. (26) | Taiwan | High income | Nurses | Anxiety symptoms (worry related to infection, caring for others, social isolation) |
| Fernandez et al. (27) | Spain | High income | Physicians, nurses, and other professionals | Anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, distress |
| Guo et al. (28) | China | Upper middle income | Physicians, nurses, medical students, medical assistants, administrative positions, frontline workers | Anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms |
| Huang and Zhao (29) | China | Upper middle income | Doctors, nurses, and health administrators | Depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and sleep quality |
| Huang et al. (30) | China | Upper middle income | First-Line medical staff | Anxiety symptoms, psychological trauma symptoms |
| Khanna et al. (31) | India | Lower middle income | Ophthamologists and ophthamology trainees | Depressive symptoms |
| Khusid et al. (32) | United States | High income | Urology residents | Anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms |
| Lai et al. (33) | China | Upper middle income | Healthcare workers in fever clinics or COVID wards | Anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, distress, insomnia |
| Li et al. (34) | China | Upper middle income | First-Year training physicians | Anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, mood valence, workplace violence |
| Liang et al. (35) | China | Upper middle income | Doctors and nurses | Depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms |
| Liu et al. (36) | China | Upper middle income | Medical staff | Anxiety symptoms |
| Lu et al. (37) | China | Upper middle income | Doctors, nurses, and administrative staff | Anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms |
| Morgantini et al. (38) | 60 countries including Brazil, Sweden, Italy, and USA | Various including high and upper middle income | Healthcare professionals | Workplace burnout |
| Ni et al. (39) | China | Upper middle income | Community-based adults and healthcare professionals | Anxiety symptoms |
| Poddar et al. (40) | India | Lower middle income | Dermatologists and non-dermatologists (internists, pediatricians, otorhinolaryngologists, respiratory medicine specialists, psychiatrists, and general physicians) | Perceived stress |
| Qi et al. (41) | China | Upper middle income | Frontline medical workers | Depression and anxiety symptoms, insomnia, sleep quality |
| Liu et al. (42) | China | Upper middle income | Physicians and nurses | Anxiety symptoms, burnout |
| Ramaci et al. (43) | Italy | High income | Doctors and nurses | Workplace burnout and fatigue, self-worth, fear |
| Rossi et al. (44) | Italy | High income | Healthcare workers | Anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, distress, insomnia, psychological trauma |
| Salman et al. (45) | Pakistan | Lower middle income | Medical doctors, nurses, pharmacists | Anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, coping strategies |
| Shariati et al. (46) | Iran | Upper middle income | Psychiatric trainees | Distress |
| Sheng et al. (47) | China | Upper middle income | Nursing interns | Anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, sleep quality |
| Song et al. (48) | China | Upper middle income | Medical staff in emergency departments | Depressive symptoms, psychological trauma symptoms |
| Sun et al. (49) | China | Upper middle income | Nurses | Distress |
| Temsah et al. (50) | Saudi Arabia | High income | Physicians, interns, nurses, midwives, auxiliary services in acute care, general care, auxiliary services, outpatient clinics, and academic units | Anxiety symptoms |
| Tian et al. (51) | China | Upper middle income | Frontline health professionals | Anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, distress, insomnia severity |
| Wang et al. (52) | China | Upper middle income | Pediatric healthcare workers | Anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, sleep quality |
| Zhang et al. (53) | China | Upper middle income | Medical and non-medical healthcare workers | Anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, insomnia |
| Wu et al. (54) | China | Upper middle income | Medical staff and college students | Distress |
| Wu and Wei (55) | China | Upper middle income | Frontline medical staff | Anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, insomnia, mental health status |
| Xing et al. (56) | China | Upper middle income | Medical personnel | Medical personnel |
| Xu et al. (57) | China | Upper middle income | Surgical medical staff | Anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms |
| Yang et al. (58) | South Korea | High income | Physical therapists | Anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms |
| Yin et al. (59) | China | Upper middle income | Frontline healthcare workers | Sleep quality, psychological trauma symptoms |
| Zhang et al. (60) | Iran | Upper middle income | Depressive symptoms, distress, anxiety symptoms, job satisfaction | Doctors, nurses, radiologists, technicians |
| Zhang et al. (61) | China | Upper middle income | Hospital staff | Anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, insomnia |
| Liu et al. (62) | China | Upper middle income | Doctors and nurses | Anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, distress |
| Zhou et al. (63) | China | Upper middle income | Frontline medical workers | Distress, mental health status, sleep quality |
| Zhu et al. (64) | China | Upper middle income | Doctors, nurses, and medical technicians | Anxiety symptoms. Depressive symptoms, distress |