Table 2.

A sample of representative application-specific examples.

Application	Characteristics	Step 1	Step 2	Step 3	Step 4
		Operational goals	Likely occupant sleep-wake cycle	Occupant sleep needs	Human-centric lighting principlesa,b
Military and Maritime	• Demanding environment with low tolerance for errors	• Safety • Achieve mission objectives • Maximize energy efficiency • Maximum system reliability	• Applications are likely to have both day-active and night-active people, or both simultaneously	• Application is likely to have a mix of sleeping and active occupants	A, B, C, D, E, F
Healthcare	• Environments intended to prevent, cure, or treat illness	• Safety • Save lives • Improve patients' quality of life • Minimize suffering	• Patients: likely to be day-active, but may be night-night active as well • Care providers: doctors and nurses are likely to be both day-active and night-active depending on the shift and the type of healthcare environment	• Application is likely to have a mix of sleeping and active occupants • Sleeping occupants consists of patients using inpatient services	A, B, C, D, E, F
Hotel	• Strong need for aesthetic considerations and brand-conscious design	• Create mood and atmosphere consistent with brand identity • Accommodate guest sleeping and waking needs	• Guests: Quite variable, with many suffering from jet lag • Employees: 24/7 operation requires some day and some night workers	• Guest have a variety of sleep needs due to circadian phase shifts from different time zones	B, D, E
Education	• Environments dedicated principally to teaching and learning	• Learning	• Mostly day-active people, though likely working/studying into evening hours	• Application is unlikely to have sleeping occupants	A, B, C, D, E
Industrial and Commercial	• Productivity is important • May be non-specific productivity, such as increasing attentiveness of office workers • May be task-specific productivity, such as minimizing assembly line errors	• Safety • Productivity	• Day-active • Some applications, such as 24/7 industrial facilities, may include night-active workers	• Application is unlikely to have sleeping occupants	A, B, C, D, E, F

There could be many sub-categories within each row that are not shown.

^aAll applicable codes and standards must also be addressed, including those related to safety and energy.

^bRefer to Table 3 for published WELL v2 and UL guidelines.

Key for human-centric lighting principles

A Comply with recommended practice for light level and quality, as from CIBSE (115) or IES (26).

B Address lighting quality (e.g., low glare, no flicker, good color rendition).

C Maximize daylight exposure/outside view while controlling for possible glare from the sun and sky.

D Consider psychological reinforcement (e.g., positive distraction in healthcare, color tuning in classrooms, aesthetics in hotels).

E Evaluate/consider WELL and/or UL guidelines for day-active people where applicable.

F Provide light to promote visual performance for nighttime activities where applicable.