Fig 4.

Risk of congenital malformations (primary outcomes) in infants after exposure to opioids during the first trimester: sensitivity analyses (pooled estimates, propensity score stratified). *Cell size less than 11 for the MAX cohort. Numbers suppressed in accordance with the CMS cell size suppression policy. Aberrant opioid filling patterns were defined based on an average of >120 mg oral morphine milligram equivalents for 90 or more consecutive days or use of more than three pharmacies or more than three prescribers for opioid prescriptions between three months before pregnancy and the end of the first trimester. CMS=Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services; hdPS=high dimensional propensity score; MAX=Medicaid Analytic eXtract