Table 1.
Selected cohort characteristics of pregnancies with and without exposure to opioids during the first trimester (unadjusted). Data are number (%) unless stated otherwise
| MAX 2000-14 | MarketScan 2003-15 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed | Unexposed | Standardized difference | Exposed | Unexposed | Standardized difference | ||
| Total | 70 447 | 1 532 133 | — | 12 454 | 1 165 222 | — | |
| Mean (SD) age | 26.03 (5.46) | 24.27 (5.98) | 0.31 | 32 (4.85) | 31.97 (4.6) | 0.01 | |
| Year of delivery: | |||||||
| 2000-02 | 5234 (7.43) | 162 483 (10.61) | −0.11 | NA | NA | NA | |
| 2003-05 | 15 707 (22.3) | 372 573 (24.31) | −0.05 | 1221 (9.8) | 112 153 (9.63) | 0.01 | |
| 2006-10 | 30 531 (43.34) | 617 713 (40.32) | 0.06 | 5724 (45.96) | 485 901 (41.7) | 0.09 | |
| 2011-15* | 18 975 (26.94) | 379 364 (24.76) | 0.05 | 5509 (44.23) | 567 168 (48.68) | −0.09 | |
| Race/ethnicity: | |||||||
| White | 45 328 (64.34) | 543 765 (35.49) | 0.6 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Black | 15 045 (21.36) | 510 311 (33.31) | −0.27 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Hispanic | 5169 (7.34) | 267 363 (17.45) | −0.31 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Other or unknown | 4905 (6.96) | 210 694 (13.74) | −0.22 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Opioid indications: | |||||||
| Abdominal pain | 27 837 (39.51) | 235 467 (15.37) | 0.56 | 3049 (24.48) | 68 916 (5.91) | 0.54 | |
| Back/neck pain | 29 198 (41.45) | 88 306 (5.76) | 0.93 | 4546 (36.5) | 102 311 (8.78) | 0.7 | |
| Dental problems | 11 710 (16.62) | 22 213 (1.45) | 0.55 | 221 (1.77) | 747 (0.06) | 0.18 | |
| Fibromyalgia | 3385 (4.81) | 7978 (0.52) | 0.27 | 780 (6.26) | 11 189 (0.96) | 0.29 | |
| Joint pain | 12 318 (17.49) | 40 329 (2.63) | 0.51 | 1638 (13.15) | 30 585 (2.62) | 0.4 | |
| Migraine/headache | 16 812 (23.86) | 77 038 (5.03) | 0.56 | 2863 (22.99) | 38 511 (3.31) | 0.61 | |
| Orthopedic injury | 16 459 (23.36) | 58 530 (3.82) | 0.59 | 1943 (15.6) | 41 969 (3.6) | 0.42 | |
| Surgery | 6663 (9.46) | 19 656 (1.28) | 0.37 | 1374 (11.03) | 7381 (0.63) | 0.46 | |
| Maternal conditions: | |||||||
| Anxiety | 9468 (13.44) | 43 165 (2.82) | 0.4 | 1199 (9.63) | 32 346 (2.78) | 0.29 | |
| Depression | 10 911 (15.49) | 76 216 (4.97) | 0.35 | 1470 (11.8) | 41 210 (3.54) | 0.31 | |
| Diabetes | 2478 (3.52) | 21 350 (1.39) | 0.14 | 340 (2.73) | 13 374 (1.15) | 0.11 | |
| Hypertension | 4518 (6.41) | 27 597 (1.8) | 0.23 | 835 (6.7) | 23 801 (2.04) | 0.23 | |
| Concomitant drugs: | |||||||
| Antidepressants | 21 233 (30.14) | 98 446 (6.43) | 0.64 | 3712 (29.81) | 77 348 (6.64) | 0.63 | |
| Antiemetics | 27 570 (39.14) | 215 914 (14.09) | 0.59 | 5504 (44.19) | 187 701 (16.11) | 0.64 | |
| Antihypertensives | 6192 (8.79) | 32 567 (2.13) | 0.3 | 1316 (10.57) | 30 810 (2.64) | 0.32 | |
| Benzodiazepines | 14 600 (20.72) | 24 985 (1.63) | 0.64 | 2971 (23.86) | 31 726 (2.72) | 0.66 | |
| Antidiabetic drugs | 1402 (1.99) | 11 593 (0.76) | 0.11 | 558 (4.48) | 26 712 (2.29) | 0.12 | |
| Insulin | 1293 (1.84) | 11 102 (0.72) | 0.1 | 265 (2.13) | 10 382 (0.89) | 0.1 | |
| Psychostimulants | 1850 (2.63) | 8038 (0.52) | 0.17 | 527 (4.23) | 7721 (0.66) | 0.23 | |
| Suspected teratogens | 16 477 (23.39) | 137 941 (9) | 0.4 | 2098 (16.85) | 79 845 (6.85) | 0.31 | |
| Mean (SD) general markers of comorbidity: | |||||||
| Obstetric comorbidity index | 0.52 (0.97) | 0.24 (0.64) | 0.34 | 0.72 (1.04) | 0.49 (0.82) | 0.25 | |
| Non-opioid prescription drugs | 3.82 (3.49) | 1.12 (1.79) | 0.97 | 3.7 (3.43) | 1.2 (1.82) | 0.91 | |
| Distinct diagnoses | 5.55 (4.81) | 2.08 (2.62) | 0.9 | 4.28 (4.07) | 1.87 (2.35) | 0.72 | |
| Emergency department visits | 0.96 (1.73) | 0.2 (0.61) | 0.59 | 0.24 (0.8) | 0.03 (0.23) | 0.35 | |
| Multiple gestation | 1142 (1.62) | 19 645 (1.28) | 0.03 | 435 (3.49) | 22949 (1.97) | 0.09 | |
MarketScan=IBM Health MarketScan Research Database; MAX=Medicaid Analytic eXtract; NA=information not available for MarketScan.
*
2011-14 for MAX.