Table 2.
Selected cohort characteristics of pregnancies with and without exposure to opioids during the first trimester (propensity score weighted). Data are number (%) unless stated otherwise
| MAX 2000-14 | MarketScan 2003-15 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposed | Unexposed | Standardized difference | Exposed | Unexposed | Standardized difference | ||
| Total | 70 074 | 1 532 118 | — | 12 430 | 1 152 470 | — | |
| Mean (SD) age | 26.02 (5.47) | 25.9 (5.59) | 0.02 | 32 (32.08) | 4.85 (4.92) | −0.02 | |
| Year of delivery: | |||||||
| 2000-02 | 5228 (7.46) | 120 720 (7.88) | −0.02 | NA | NA | NA | |
| 2003-05 | 15 660 (22.35) | 352 505 (23.01) | −0.02 | 1221 (9.82) | 112 208 (9.74) | 0.00 | |
| 2006-10 | 30 351 (43.32) | 637 860 (41.63) | 0.03 | 5715 (45.98) | 528 656 (45.88) | 0.00 | |
| 2011-15* | 18 835 (26.87) | 421 033 (27.47) | −0.01 | 5494 (44.19) | 511 606 (44.4) | 0.00 | |
| Race/ethnicity: | |||||||
| White | 45 015 (64.24) | 984 729 (64.27) | 0.00 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Black | 15 015 (21.43) | 330 963 (21.6) | 0.00 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Hispanic | 5160 (7.36) | 111 896 (7.3) | 0.00 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Other or unknown | 4884 (6.96) | 104 530 (6.82) | 0.01 | NA | NA | NA | |
| Opioid indications: | |||||||
| Abdominal pain | 27 543 (39.31) | 624 298 (40.75) | −0.03 | 3030 (24.38) | 283 167 (24.57) | 0.00 | |
| Back/neck pain | 28 850 (41.17) | 629 888 (41.11) | 0.00 | 4523 (36.39) | 434 201 (37.68) | −0.03 | |
| Dental problems | 11 460 (16.35) | 253 711 (16.56) | −0.01 | 216 (1.74) | 19 924 (1.73) | 0.00 | |
| Fibromyalgia | 3282 (4.68) | 77 678 (5.07) | −0.02 | 775 (6.23) | 78 666 (6.83) | −0.02 | |
| Joint pain | 12 093 (17.26) | 270 883 (17.68) | −0.01 | 1626 (13.08) | 151 651 (13.16) | 0.00 | |
| Migraine/headache | 16 556 (23.63) | 385 438 (25.16) | −0.04 | 2843 (22.87) | 277 320 (24.06) | −0.03 | |
| Orthopedic injury | 16 196 (23.11) | 353 848 (23.1) | 0.00 | 1925 (15.49) | 178 014 (15.45) | 0.00 | |
| Surgery | 6475 (9.24) | 134 270 (8.76) | 0.02 | 1359 (10.93) | 117 529 (10.2) | 0.02 | |
| Maternal conditions: | |||||||
| Anxiety | 9324 (13.31) | 207 851 (13.57) | −0.01 | 1188 (9.56) | 112 635 (9.77) | −0.01 | |
| Depression | 10 783 (15.39) | 253 206 (16.53) | −0.03 | 1457 (11.72) | 139 548 (12.11) | −0.01 | |
| Diabetes | 2452 (3.5) | 56 264 (3.67) | −0.01 | 339 (2.73) | 31 067 (2.7) | 0.00 | |
| Hypertension | 4439 (6.33) | 98 368 (6.42) | 0.00 | 825 (6.64) | 75 969 (6.59) | 0.00 | |
| Concomitant drugs: | |||||||
| Antidepressants | 21 002 (29.97) | 482 632 (31.5) | −0.03 | 3697 (29.74) | 342 963 (29.76) | 0.00 | |
| Antiemetics | 27 289 (38.94) | 593 935 (38.77) | 0.00 | 5481 (44.09) | 513 389 (44.55) | −0.01 | |
| Antihypertensives | 6108 (8.72) | 137 786 (8.99) | −0.01 | 1305 (10.5) | 117 523 (10.2) | 0.01 | |
| Benzodiazepines | 14 340 (20.46) | 307 909 (20.1) | 0.01 | 2952 (23.75) | 264 276 (22.93) | 0.02 | |
| Antidiabetic drugs | 1390 (1.98) | 32 018 (2.09) | −0.01 | 556 (4.47) | 52 196 (4.53) | 0.00 | |
| Insulin | 1280 (1.83) | 29 833 (1.95) | −0.01 | 265 (2.13) | 25 598 (2.22) | −0.01 | |
| Psychostimulants | 1819 (2.6) | 42 073 (2.75) | −0.01 | 522 (4.2) | 44 927 (3.9) | 0.02 | |
| Suspected teratogens | 16 309 (23.27) | 357 238 (23.32) | 0.00 | 2094 (16.85) | 195 552 (16.97) | 0.00 | |
| Mean (SD) general markers of comorbidity: | |||||||
| Obstetric comorbidity index | 0.52 (0.96) | 0.53 (0.97) | −0.01 | 0.72 (0.74) | 1.04 (1.04) | −0.02 | |
| Non-opioid prescription drugs | 3.79 (3.46) | 3.64 (3.24) | 0.04 | 3.69 (3.59) | 3.42 (3.14) | 0.03 | |
| Distinct diagnoses | 5.48 (4.7) | 5.71 (4.92) | −0.05 | 4.25 (4.6) | 4.02 (4.44) | −0.08 | |
| Emergency department visits | 0.93 (1.66) | 0.85 (1.53) | 0.05 | 0.23 (0.2) | 0.76 (0.58) | 0.06 | |
| Multiple gestation | 1135 (1.62) | 22917 (1.5) | 0.01 | 435 (3.5) | 42343 (3.67) | −0.01 | |
MarketScan=IBM Health MarketScan Research Database; MAX=Medicaid Analytic eXtract; NA=information not available for MarketScan.
*
2011-14 for MAX.