Table 2. Primary and Secondary End Points After 3 Months.

	Mean (SD) [sample size]									Difference (95% CI) [sample size]
	HIIT			MCT			Guideline control
	Baseline	3 mo	Difference	Baseline	3 mo	Difference	Baseline	3 mo	Difference	HIIT vs guideline control	MCT vs guideline control	HIIT vs MCT
Primary outcome
Peak V̇o2, mL/kg/min	18.9 (5.4) [58]	20.2 (6.0) [53]	1.1 (3.0) [53]	18.2 (5.1) [58]	19.8 (5.8) [54]	1.6 (2.5) [54]	19.4 (5.6) [60]	18.9 (5.7) [52]	−0.6 (3.3) [52]	1.5 (0.4 to 2.7) [118]a	2.0 (0.9 to 3.1) [118]a	−0.4 (−1.4 to 0.6) [116]a
										1.8 (0.5 to 3.0) [105]b	2.3 (1.1 to 3.4) [106]b	−0.5 (−1.5 to 0.6) [107]b
Secondary outcomes
V̇E/V̇co2 slope	34.5 (7.9) [58]	35.0 (9.8) [53]	0.7 (4.4) [53]	34.2 (7.2) [58]	33.7 (6.8) [54]	−0.7 (4.4) [54]	33.2 (5.9) [59]	32.6 (5.3) [51]	−1.0 (5.4) [51]	1.7 (−0.2 to 3.6) [104]	0.2 (−1.7 to 2.2) [105]	1.5 (−0.3 to 3.2) [107]
Workload at VT1, W	45 (17) [58]	49 (18) [53]	4 (12) [53]	46 (21) [57]	53 (25) [53]	8 (13) [52]	45 (15) [58]	47 (16) [50]	1 (10) [50]	3 (−2 to 7) [103]	6 (2 to 11) [102]	−4 (−9 to 1) [105]
E/e' medial	15.8 (3.7) [57]	15.2 (4.8) [54]	−0.9 (4.5) [53]	15.9 (4.1) [58]	15.6 (5.0) [54]	−0.5 (3.7) [54]	15.7 (5.6) [57]	16.5 (7.2) [53]	0.6 (4.6) [50]	−1.5 (−3.2 to 0.3) [103]	−1.1 (−2.7 to 0.5) [104]	−0.4 (−1.9 to 1.2) [107]
e' medial, cm/s	6.2 (1.8) [57]	6.23 (1.72) [54]	0.0 (1.7) [53]	6.1 (1.6) [58]	5.95 (1.65) [54]	−0.1 (1.3) [54]	6.3 (1.8) [57]	5.95 (1.84) [53]	−0.3 (1.5) [50]	0.3 (−0.3 to 1.0) [103]	0.2 (−0.3 to 0.8) [104]	0.1 (−0.5 to 0.7) [107]
LAVI, mL/m2	35.4 (9.0) [39]	35.2 (10.2) [34]	−0.4 (4.0) [26]	37.9 (13.0) [42]	36.8 (10.5) [28]	0.5 (4.1) [25]	39.8 (13.5) [48]	38.4 (14.7) [40]	−0.7 (4.0) [35]	0.3 (−1.7 to 2.4) [61]	1.2 (−0.9 to 3.4) [60]	−0.9 (−3.2 to 1.4) [51]
NT-proBNP, pg/mL	475 (522) [57]	520 (646) [53]	25 (469) [53]	656 (806) [55]	695 (1212) [53]	43 (598) [53]	875 (1950) [59]	1164 (2871) [53]	226 (1010) [53]	−201 (−505 to 104) [106]	−183 (−505 to 139) [106]	−18 (−228 to 192) [106]
KCCQ QoL domainc	68 (24) [58]	73 (26) [54]	7 (21) [54]	62 (26) [56]	72 (21) [55]	10 (17) [54]	66 (20) [58]	72 (23) [55]	6 (21) [54]	1.0 (−7.2 to 9.2) [108]	4.8 (−2.6 to 12.2) [108]	−3.8 (−11.2 to 3.6) [108]

Abbreviations: E, peak velocity blood flow from ventricular relaxation in early diastole; e’, mitral annular early diastolic velocity; HIIT, high-intensity interval training; KCCQ, Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire; LAVI, left atrial volume index; MCT, moderate continuous training; NT-proBNP, N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide; QoL, quality of life; V̇E/V̇co₂ slope, minute ventilation to carbon dioxide output slope; V̇o2, oxygen consumption; VT₁, ventilatory threshold.

^aResults of the primary analysis using a prespecified multiple imputation approach for missing values.

^bResults of the complete case analysis for the primary end point considering all available data (without imputation).

^cHigher scores indicate better QoL (score range, 0-100; minimal clinically important difference, 5 points).