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. 2020 Dec 3;3(1):64–75.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.xkme.2020.09.013

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Estimated proportion of true effects more protective than hazard ratio (HR) of 0.80 (upper) and harmful rather than protective effects (lower) as a function of hypothetical unmeasured confounding severity in studies of adults 65 years and older. Abbreviation: RR, relative risk.