Table 1.
Summary Characteristics of the 12 Studies
| Study | Country | Study Design | Age, y (range) | Women | CKD Stages | Dialysis Type | Baseline eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | Indication of Dialysis Initiation | Definition of Study Entry | Follow-up Duration |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brown et al37 (2015) | Australia | Single-center prospective | 71.6 ± 12.7 (65+) | 36.7% | 4/5 | HD, PD | 16 ± 7.7 | eGFR < 15 | First attendance to predialysis or CM clinic after modality decision had been made | ≥1 y |
| Chandna et al28 (2016) | UK | Multicenter retrospective | 80.9 ± 4.0 (75+) | 32.8% | 5 | HD, PD | 13.3 ± 1.4 | eGFR of 10-15 | Date of stage 5 CKD diagnosis | ≥3 y |
| Da Silva-Gane et al26 (2012) | UK | Single-center prospective | 60.3 ± 13.8 (18+) | 32.5% | 4/5 | HD, PD | 13.8 ± 3.9 | Persistent uremic symptoms, volume overload, hyperkalemia or acidosis | Recruitment date (before the planning meeting) | 31.9 mo (25.1) |
| Hussain et al27 (2013) | UK | Single-center retrospective | 79.0 ± 5.8 (70+) | 43.5% | 4 | Unspecified | <20 | Unspecified | First date of eGFR < 20 | Unspecified |
| Kwok et al35 (2016) | China | Single-center retrospective | 78.4 ± 7.0 (65-101) | 56.3% | 5 | HD, PD | 10.1 ± 2.9 | Serum creatinine > 350 or >400 μmol/L for diabetic or nondiabetic patients | Date of renal advance care planning meeting | ≥1 y |
| Raman et al31 (2018) | UK | Single-center prospective | 80.8 ± 3.4 (75+) | 37.7% | 5 | HD, PD | 13.1 ± 2.2 | Unspecified | Date of stage 5 CKD diagnosis | 35.1 ± 22.1 mo |
| Reindl-Schwaighofer et al30 (2017) | Austria | Multicenter retrospective | 74.2 ± 5.8 (65+) | 47.0% | 5 | HD | <10 | Unspecified | Dialysis group: date of first dialysis; CKM group: date of eGFR < 10 | Unspecified |
| Shih et al33 (2014) | Taiwan | Multicenter retrospective | 79.4 ± 7.0 (70+) | 55.3% | 5 | Unspecified | <15 | Unspecified | First prescription of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (proxy date of stage 5 CKD diagnosis) | 1,026 ± 880 d |
| Shum et al34 (2014) | China | Single-center retrospective | 73.8 ± 5.4 (65-90) | 49.7% | 5 | PD | 6.4 ± 1.9 | eGFR < 15 | Date of stage 5 CKD diagnosis | 1.96 y (0.9-3.6) |
| Tam-Tham et al36 (2018) | Canada | Multicenter retrospective | 79.1 ± 6.7 (65+) | 51.4% | 5 | HD, PD | 7.8 ± 1.5 | eGFR < 10 | Confirmed date of eGFR < 10 | ≥1 y |
| Teo et al32 (2010) | Singapore | Multicenter prospective | 60.2 ± 12.8 (20+) | 49.1% | 5 | HD, PD | Unknown | Serum creatinine > 880 μmol/L | Date of stage 5 CKD diagnosis | 1 y |
| Verberne et al29 (2016) | Netherlands | Single-center retrospective | 78.2 ± 4.4 (70+) | 37.6% | 4/5 | HD, PD | 13.9 ± 4.7 | Discussion started when eGFR < 20 | Date of modality decision | Unspecified |
Note: Values reported as mean ± standard deviation. eGFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2 is used to determine stage 5 CKD. Group mean ± standard deviation values are pooled using the Cochrane formulas for combining groups.
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; CM, conservative management; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (in mL/min/1.73 m2); HD, hemodialysis; PD, peritoneal dialysis; UK, United Kingdom.