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. 2021 Jan 13;11:619827. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.619827

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Copyright © 2021 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC).

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Phyllosphere and soil bacterial community composition variations in response to neonicotinoid seed treatment. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) on Bray-Curtis dissimilarities demonstrates the composition of phyllosphere (A,B) and soil (C) bacterial community in a 3-year soybean (2016: circles and 2018: cubes) and corn (2017: triangles) rotation in L’Acadie, Quebec, Canada. The phyllosphere bacterial community variation among control (blue points) and neonicotinoid-treated (pink points) samples is masked by the effects of host species (A) and time (B). While in soil (C), the bacterial communities vary among control (green points) and neonicotinoid-treated (red points) samples. Ellipses are shaded based on treatment (blue for control and yellow for neonicotinoid-treated samples) and represent a 95% confidence level.