Table 1.
Clinical characteristics, treatments and laboratory findings.
| Overall | Survivor | Deceased | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | ||||
| Number of patients | 223 | 91 (40.8) | 132 (59.2) | … |
| Median age, years | 72.0 (68.0–77.5) | 70.0 (67.0–74.5) | 74 (69.0–80.0) | <0.001 |
| Sex | … | … | … | 0.077 |
| Male | 112 (50.2) | 39 (42.9) | 73 (55.3) | … |
| Female | 111 (49.8) | 52 (57.1) | 59 (44.7) | … |
| Body mass index (BMI) | 23.2 (20.0–24.9) | 23.3 (20.1–25.2) | 23.1 (20.0–24.8) | 0.751 |
| ICU care | … | … | … | <0.001 |
| Yes | 35 (15.7) | 1 (1.1) | 34 (25.8) | … |
| No | 188 (84.3) | 90 (98.9) | 98 (74.2) | … |
| Smoking | … | … | … | 0.682 |
| Yes | 27 (12.1) | 12 (13.2) | 15 (11.4) | … |
| No | 196 (87.9) | 79 (86.8) | 117 (88.6) | … |
| ARDS | 140 (62.8) | 23 (25.3) | 117 (88.6) | |
| IM.Index | 9.38 (9.06–9.78) | 9.14(8.86–9.34) | 9.64 (9.30–10.00) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | 166 (74.4) | 67 (73.6) | 99 (75.0) | 0.876 |
| Hypertension | 119 (53.4) | 41 (45.1) | 78 (59.1) | 0.042 |
| CVDs | 33 (14.8) | 10 (11.0) | 25 (17.4) | 0.249 |
| Diabetics | 52 (23.3) | 17 (18.7) | 35 (26.5) | 0.199 |
| Carcinoma | 9 (4.0) | 3 (6.6) | 3 (2.3) | 0.164 |
| Initial common symptome | 213 (95.5) | 86 (94.5) | 127 (96.2) | 0.744 |
| Fever | 155 (69.5) | 59 (64.8) | 96 (72.7) | 0.237 |
| Cough | 114 (51.1) | 44 (48.4) | 70 (53.0) | 0.499 |
| Myalgia or Fatigue | 43 (19.3) | 15 (16.5) | 28 (21.2) | 0.395 |
| Dyspnea | 70 (31.4) | 19 (20.9) | 51 (38.6) | 0.005 |
| Admission body temperature, °C | 36.7 (36.5–37.2) | 36.7 (36.5–37.2) | 36.7 (36.5–37.2) | 0.883 |
| Symptom onset to admission, days | 10.0 (7.0–14.0) | 10.0 (7.0–14.0) | 10.0 (6.0–14.0) | 0.647 |
| Hospitalization, days | 13.0 (7.0–20.0) | 20.0 (15.0–25.0) | 8.0 (5.0–13.0) | <0.001 |
| Systolic pressure, mm Hg | 131.0 (120.0–146.0) | 128.0 (120.5–141.0) | 133 (120.0–148.5) | 0.152 |
| Respiratory rate, breaths per min | 22.0 (20.0–26.0) | 20.0 (20.0–25.0) | 22 (20.0–29.3) | 0.022 |
| Pulse rate, beats per min | 88.0 (80.0–100.5) | 84.0 (78.0–96.0) | 90 (80.0–103.0) | 0.003 |
| Treatments | ||||
| Therapy | … | … | … | … |
| Antibiotics | 192 (86.1) | 65 (71.4) | 127 (96.2) | <0.001 |
| Antiviral treatment | 214 (96.0) | 65 (71.4) | 124 (93.9) | 0.086 |
| Corticosteroids | 159 (71.3) | 57 (62.6) | 102 (77.3) | 0.024 |
| Interferon atmotherapy | 105 (47.1) | 59 (64.8) | 46 (34.8) | <0.001 |
| Immunoglobin | 107 (48.0) | 32 (35.2) | 75 (56.8) | 0.002 |
| Oxygen therapy | 213 (95.5) | 82 (90.1) | 131 (99.2) | 0.002 |
| UOC | 189 (84.8) | 82 (90.1) | 107 (81.1) | 0.087 |
| HFNO | 30 (13.5) | 20 (22.0) | 10 (7.6) | 0.003 |
| NIMV | 98 (43.9) | 7 (7.7) | 91 (68.9) | <0.001 |
| IMV | 39 (17.5) | 1 (1.1) | 38 (28.8) | <0.001 |
| ECMO | 5 (2.2) | 0 | 5 (3.8) | 0.081 |
| Laboratory findings | ||||
| WBC count, × 109/L | … | … | … | <0.001 |
| <3.5 | 19 (8.5) | 9 (9.9) | 10 (7.6) | … |
| 3.5-9.5 | 128 (57.4) | 70 (76.9) | 58 (43.9) | … |
| >9.5 | 76 (34.1) | 12 (13.2) | 64 (48.5) | … |
| Neutrophil count, × 109/L | … | … | … | <0.001 |
| <1.8 | 9 (4.0) | 5 (5.5) | 4 (3.0) | … |
| 1.8–6.3 | 107 (48.0) | 64 (70.3) | 43 (32.6) | … |
| >6.3 | 107 (48.0) | 22 (24.2) | 85 (64.4) | … |
| Lymphocyte count, × 109/L | … | … | … | 0.000 |
| <1.1 | 180 (80.7) | 63 (69.2) | 117 (88.6) | … |
| ≥1.1 | 43 (19.3) | 28 (30.8) | 15 (11.4) | … |
| PLT count, × 109/L | … | … | … | <0.001 |
| <125 | 57 (25.6) | 10 (11.0) | 47 (35.6) | … |
| 125–350 | 157 (70.4) | 76 (83.5) | 81 (61.4) | … |
| >350 | 9 (4.0) | 5 (5.5) | 4 (3.0) | … |
| APTT, s | … | … | … | 0.017 |
| <29 | 18 (8.1) | 3 (3.3) | 15 (11.4) | … |
| 29–42 | 155 (69.5) | 72 (79.1) | 83 (62.9) | … |
| >42 | 50 (22.4) | 16 (17.6) | 34 (25.8) | … |
| PT, s | … | … | … | <0.001 |
| ≤14.5 | 139 (62.3) | 75 (82.4) | 64 (48.5) | … |
| >14.5 | 84 (37.7) | 16 (17.6) | 68 (51.5) | … |
| D-D dimer, ug/ml FEU | … | … | … | <0.001 |
| <0.5 | 50 (22.4) | 39 (42.9) | 11 (8.3) | … |
| ≥0.5 | 173 (77.6) | 52 (57.1) | 121 (91.7) | … |
| ALT, U/L | … | … | … | 0.553 |
| <33 (female) or 41 (male) | 156 (70.0) | 66 (72.5) | 90 (68.2) | … |
| ≥33 (female) or 41 (male) | 67 (30.0) | 25 (27.5) | 42 (31.8) | … |
| AST, U/L | … | … | … | <0.001 |
| <32 (female) or 40 (male) | 112 (50.2) | 61 (67.0) | 51 (38.6) | … |
| ≥32 (female) or 40 (male) | 111 (49.8) | 30 (33.0) | 81 (61.4) | … |
| LDH, U/L | … | … | … | <0.001 |
| ≤214 (female) or 225 (male) | 25 (11.2) | 20 (22.0) | 5 (3.8) | … |
| >214 (female) or 225 (male) | 198 (88.8) | 71 (78.0) | 127 (96.2) | … |
| ALP, U/L | … | … | … | <0.001 |
| <35 (female) or 40 (male) | 12 (5.4) | 7 (7.7) | 5 (3.8) | … |
| 35–105 (female) or 40–130 (male) | 185 (83.0) | 83 (91.2) | 102 (77.3) | … |
| >105 (female) or 130 (male) | 26 (11.7) | 1 (1.1) | 25 (18.9) | … |
| γ-GT, U/L | … | … | … | 0.224 |
| <6 (female) or 10 (male) | 2 (0.9) | 2 (2.2) | 0 | … |
| 6–42 (female) or 10–71 (male) | 170 (76.2) | 70 (76.9) | 100 (75.8) | … |
| >42 (female) or 71 (male) | 51 (22.9) | 19 (20.9) | 32 (24.2) | … |
| Urea, mmol/L | … | … | … | <0.001 |
| <2.6 (female) or 3.6 (male) | 10 (4.5) | 5 (5.5) | 5 (3.8) | … |
| 2.6–7.5 (female) or 3.6–9.5 (male) | 130 (58.3) | 72 (79.1) | 58 (43.9) | … |
| >7.5 (female) or 9.5 (male) | 83 (37.2) | 14 (15.4) | 69 (52.3) | … |
| Albumin, g/L | … | … | … | <0.001 |
| <35 | 152 (68.2) | 48 (52.7) | 104 (78.8) | … |
| ≥35 | 71 (31.8) | 43 (47.3) | 24 (18.2) | … |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | … | … | … | 1.000 |
| <5.18 | 212 (95.1) | 87 (95.6) | 125 (94.7) | … |
| ≥5.18 | 11 (4.9) | 4 (4.4) | 7 (5.3) | … |
| Total bilirubin, μmol/L | … | … | … | 0.009 |
| <21 (female) or 26 (male) | 198 (88.8) | 87 (95.6) | 111 (84.1) | … |
| ≥21 (female) or 26 (male) | 25 (11.2) | 4 (4.4) | 21 (15.9) | … |
| hs-CRP, mg/L | … | … | … | <0.001 |
| <10.0 | 26 (11.7) | 21 (23.1) | 5 (3.8) | … |
| ≥10.0 | 197 (88.3) | 70 (76.9) | 127 (96.2) | … |
Data are median (IQR), or n (%). ICU, Intensive care unit; ARDS, Acute respiratory distress syndrome; UOC, Usual oxygen care, including standard nasal catheter and facemask inhalation; HFNO, High-flow nasal cannula oxygen; (N)IMV, (Non-) Invasive mechanical ventilation; ECMO, Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; WBC, White blood cell; PLT, Blood platelet; APTT, Activated partial thromboplastin time; PT, Prothrombin time; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; AST, Aspartate aminotransferase; LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase; ALP, Alkaline phosphatase; γ-GT, gamma-Glutamyl transpeptidase; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.