Table 2.
Summary of various packaging materials with key properties.
| Permeability (H2O)() at 20–35°C | Young's modulus (GPa) |
Transparency From wavelengths 470 nm-800 nm (@wavelength) (thickness) |
Stability in vivo or in solution | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time | Method | |||||
| Titanium (thin film) | ≈0 | 90 | ~55% (5 nm) | 16 years | In vivo | Scarano et al., 2005; Greenhouse et al., 2011; Nakai et al., 2011; Axelevitch et al., 2012 |
| platinum | ≈0 | 213 | ~35% (20 nm) | 3.25 years | In vivo | Farraro and Mclellan, 1977; Oh et al., 1993; Griffith and Humphrey, 2006; Greenhouse et al., 2011 |
| SiO2 | 4.63 E-16 | 66 | 91–88% (1 mm) | ~60 year (Converted to 37°C) | PBS Soak (95°C) | Jaccodine and Schlegel, 1966; Fahlteich et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2011; Song et al., 2019a |
| Si3N4 | 2.06 E-25 | 319.4 | 15% (@450 nm)-60%(@800 nm) (1 mm) | 383 days | In vivo | Bruls et al., 2001; Su et al., 2004; Wise et al., 2004; Andringa et al., 2015 |
| SiC | 6.18 E-21 | 410 | 90% (@450 nm) (300 nm) | > 6 weeks | In vivo | Anma et al., 2001; Chawla et al., 2004; Zambov et al., 2006; Vomero et al., 2018 |
| Al2O3 | 1.73 E-16 | 303 | 85% (@450 nm)-0% (700 nm) (1 mm) | >5 months | PBS Soak (37°C) | Vekinis et al., 1990; Jiang et al., 2008; Fahlteich et al., 2011; Peled et al., 2014 |
| PI | 6.35 E-7 | 8.45 | 80% (25 μm) | 1,091 days | In vivo | Hubbell Jr. et al., 1975; Rubehn and Stieglitz, 2010; Barrese et al., 2013 |
| PA | 1.9 E-7 | 4.75 | 95% (20 μm) | 1,200 days | In vivo | Hubbell Jr. et al., 1975; Shih et al., 2003; He et al., 2009; Barrese et al., 2013 |
| PDMS | 4 E-5 | 7.5E-4 | 93.39% | >18 weeks | In vivo | Armani et al., 1999; Metz et al., 2005; Henle et al., 2011b; Ko et al., 2017 |
| PMMA | 11.4 E-9 | 2 | 94% | 3-6 months | In vivo | Kim et al., 2004; Jackson et al., 2010; Landi et al., 2013; Keller and Kouzes, 2017 |
| LCPs | 1.14 E-11 | 10 | 50% (@650 nm)- 90% (@850 nm) | 2.5 years | In vivo | Mehta and Isayev, 1991; Flodberg et al., 2000; Jeong et al., 2016 |
| CS membrane | 2.4 E-3 | 0.013 | 70% (@450 nm)-83%(800 nm) (0.5 um) | 120 days | In vivo | Kweon et al., 2001; Gu et al., 2013; Li et al., 2014; Meyer et al., 2016 |
| Silk fibroin film | 1.2 E-3 | 0.034 | 90% | 2 weeks | In vivo | Kweon et al., 2001; Hopkins et al., 2013; Cho et al., 2014 |
| PLA | 2.4 E-10 | 4.2–5.7 | 92–94% | 4 months | In vivo | Solarski et al., 2005; Bang and Kim, 2012; Tyler et al., 2016; Arrieta et al., 2017 |