FIGURE 9.

Overview of cold adaptation mechanisms in C. nivalis. Black bold text indicates the main processes in the cold adaptation mechanism, and black non-bolded text indicates the detailed pathways and genes related to the process identified in this study. Green text indicates the chemicals in the pathways. Pink text indicates the function of the compounds in cold resistance. Rectangles indicate the nitrate and ammonium transporters. Upon cold stress from the extracellular environment, signals upstream are transferred to regulate the processing of RNA and synthesis of functional proteins. The functional proteins then allow for increased material assimilation and remodeling of metabolisms, to produce specific chemicals needed for cold resistance. CHO, carbohydrate. EPS, exopolysaccharides. IBP, ice-binding protein. PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid. Ribulose-5P, ribulose 5-phosphate.