Table 1.
Summary of the presented rare diseases, related treatments and references.
| Disease | Treatment | References |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin autoimmune syndrome | Prednisone (first line), azathioprine, acarbose, thiamazole, biologics (anti-CD20 -rituximab-) | (38, 57) |
| Relapsing polychondritis | Steroids (first line), azathioprine, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), biologics (anti-TNFα -infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, certolizumab, etanercept-, -anti-IL-6 -tocilizumab-, anti-IL-1 -anakinra-, CTLA-4 Ig -abatacept-, rituximab) | (58, 59) |
| Autoimmune bullous disorders, pemphigus, pemphingoid diseases | Prednisone (first or second line), clobetasol propionate, mycophenolate mofetil, methotrexate, azathioprine, combination of tetracyclines, doxycycline or minocycline and niacinamide, IVIG, biologics (rituximab, anti-IgE -omalizumab-). | (41, 60–62) |
| Pyoderma gangrenosum | Prednisone/prednisolone (first line), tacrolimus, sodium cromoglycate, cyclosporine, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, intravenous immunoglobulins, (IVIG), biologics (infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab, etanercept, anti-IL-12 and anti-IL-23 –ustekinumab-, anakinra, anti-IL1β -canakinumab-, tocilizumab), JAK/STAT inhibitors (tofacitinb), | (44, 63) |
| Dermatomyositis | Steroids (first or second line), antimalarials, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, IVIG, biologics (rituximab, abatacept, tocilizumab), tofacitinib | (45, 64) |
| Warm Antibody reactive autoimmune hemolytic anemia | Prednisolone (first line), azathioprine, biologics (rituximab) | (46, 65–67) |
| Haemophagocytic limphohistiocytosis | Methylprednisolone/dexamethasone/hydrocortisone (first line), biologics (rituximab, anakinra, anti-CD52 -alemtuzumab-), etoposide, cyclosporine A, methotrexate | (47, 68) |
| IgG4-related disease | Prednisolone/prednisone (first line), azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, biologics (rituximab, infliximab), hydroxychloroquine | (48, 50, 69, 70) |
| IgG4-related hypophysitis | Prednisone (first line), methotrexate, biologics (rituximab) | (51, 71, 72) |
| Neutrophil circulating antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis | Prednisone (first line), cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, biologics (tocilizumab) | (52, 53, 73) |
| Primary angiitis | Prednisone (first line), cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, IVIG, biologics (rituximab, infliximab, etarnecept) | (55, 74, 75) |
| Juvenile localized scleroderma | Prednisone/prednisolone (first line), methotrexate, hidroxychloroquine, imiquimod, cyclosporine A, biologics (tocilizumab, infliximab, abatacept), tofacitinib | (56, 76) |
Management of the listed pathologies can be found in the indicated references.