Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics, PFT, and HRCT Imaging Results at 3-Month Follow-Up
| Baseline Characteristics on Admission (N = 48) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, yr | 63.00 (55.00–68.00) | ||
| Sex, M | 33 (68.8) | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.68 (25.18–30.47) | ||
| Origin of admission | |
||
| Emergency department | 11 (22.9) | ||
| Hospital ward | 27 (56.2) | ||
| Transfer from another ICU | 10 (20.8) | ||
| Pre-ICU length of stay, d | 3.00 (1.00–5.00) | ||
| APACHE II score | 15.0 (13.0–17.3) | ||
| Preexisting lung disease | 3 (6.2) | ||
| Asthma | 3 (6.2) | ||
| COPD | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Smoking status | |
||
| Current smoker | 0 (0) | ||
| Former smoker | 23 (48) | ||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | |
||
| 0 | 6 (12.5) | ||
| 1–2 | 24 (50.0) | ||
| 3–4 | 15 (31.2) | ||
| 5 or more | 3 (6.2) | ||
| Leukocyte count, 10−9/L | 9.25 (7.88–10.75) | ||
| C-reactive protein, mg/L | 191 (99–264) | ||
| D-dimer, μg/L | 1,343 (726–5,097) | ||
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio, mm Hg | 116 (92–156) | ||
| Prone positioned during ICU admission | 22 (45.8) | ||
| Pinsp, cm H2O | 26 (24–28) | ||
| PEEP, cm H2O | 14 (12–14) | ||
| VT/kg bodyweight, ml/kg | 5.46 (4.98–6.02) | ||
| Dynamic compliance, ml/cm H2O | 37.25 (29.80–48.85) | ||
| Received steroids during admission* | 12 (25.0) | ||
| IMV duration, d | 18.5 (9.0–28.5) | ||
| ICU length of stay, d | 20.5 (10.8–33.3) | ||
| Hospital length of stay, d | 32.0 (21.0–40.0) | ||
| Hospital discharge location | |
||
| Home | 7 (14.9) | ||
| Nursing home | 1 (2.1) | ||
| Rehabilitation center | 39 (83.0) | ||
| Rehabilitation center length of stay, d† | 14.0 (7.0–27.3) | ||
| ECMO during admission | 3 (6.2) | ||
| PFT (N = 43) | Absolute Value | Percentage of Predicted | Below LLN |
|---|---|---|---|
| FEV1, L | 2.9 (2.6–3.5) | 95.0 (77.0–104.5) | 11 (25.6) |
| FEV1/VC, % | 79.9 (76.1–86.6) | — | 0 (0.0) |
| FVC, L | 3.6 (3.1–4.2) | 87.0 (70.0–106.0) | 16 (37.2) |
| RV, L | 2.0 (1.6–2.2) | 88.0 (70.0–103.0) | 9 (20.9) |
| TLC, L | 5.6 (4.6–6.7) | 84.0 (71.5–102.5) | 23 (53.5) |
| DlCOc, L‡ | 5.4 (4.6–6.3) | 61.0 (50.0–69.0) | 36 (87.8) |
| 6-MWT, m§ | 480.0 (386.0–536.0) | 81.5 (69.5–99.5) | — |
| MRC Dyspnea score | |
||
| Grade 0–1 (none/mild) | 27 (62.8) | ||
| Grade 2–3 (moderate) | 14 (32.5) | ||
| Grade 4–5 (severe) | 2 (4.7) | ||
| HRCT Imaging Results (N = 46) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Fibrosis | 42 (91.3) | ||
| Ground glass | 41 (89.1) | ||
| Atelectasis | 15 (32.6) | ||
| Dominant pattern | |
||
| Reticular | 31 (67.4) | ||
| Ground glass | 13 (28.3) | ||
| No abnormalities | 2 (4.3) | ||
| Decreased attenuation | 25 (54.3) | ||
| Due to small-airways disease | 21 (45.7) | ||
| Due to new emphysema | 12 (25.0) | ||
| CTSS | 11.0 (5.0–15.0) | ||
Definition of abbreviations: 6-MWT = 6-minute-walk test; APACHE = Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation; BMI = body mass index; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CTSS = Computed Tomographic Severity Score; DlCOc = diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide adjusted for Hb; ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; HRCT = high-resolution chest computed tomographic; IMV = invasive mechanical ventilation; LLN = lower limit of normal; MRC Dyspnea = Medical Research Council Dyspnea questionnaire; PEEP = positive end-expiratory pressure; PFT = pulmonary function testing; Pinsp = inspiratory pressure in bilevel pressure-controlled ventilation; RV = residual volume.
Data are presented as median (interquartile range) or n (%) unless indicated otherwise. For laboratory results and ventilator settings, the worst value for the first 24 hours of admission was recorded.
Defined as receiving steroid treatment for at least 2 days or more.
Three patients were still admitted to a rehabilitation center at the moment of follow-up.
DlCOc failed in two patients.
Two patients were on supplemental oxygen while performing the 6-MWT.