Table 1.
Potential salivary markers of dental caries.
| Methods | Potential markers | Human subjects involved | Sample size | Type of saliva | Authors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HPLC-QTof2 MS | statherin, histatin 5, IB8, IB5, PRP 3 isoform –highly correlated with DMFT | male donors | 10CA/10CF | whole unstimulated saliva | Vitorino et al., 2005 |
| 2D SDS-PAGE, MALDI-TOF/TOF MS | poly-lg receptor (IgA secretory chain), IgA alpha chain C region, human salivary α-amylase – only In CA cystatin S, cystatin SN1 (Isoform 1), cystatin SN2 (Isoform 2), cystatin SA-III pellicle precursor (Sap1)– only In CF lactoferrin, PRPs, calgranulln B (S100-A9)–statistically significant difference between CA and CF | male donors aged 18–29 years | 16 CA (DMFT ranging from 3 to 12)/l6 CF (DMFT=0) | whole unstimulated saliva | Vitorino et al., 2006 |
| 1D SDS-PAGE, MALDI-TOF MS, Western blotting | CD14 – Inverse relationship with the presence of carious lesions | children aged 6–12 years | 20 CA/20CF | whole unstimulated saliva | Bergandi et al., 2007 |
| SDS–PAGE, MALDI-TOF-MS/MS, Western blotting | statherln truncated cystatin S | HAA group with lower levels of caries, supragingival plaque, total streptococci, and T. forsythensis/LAA group | 41 HAA + LAA il | whole unstimulated saliva | Rudney at al, 2009 |
| 1D SDS-PAGE, HPLC-Chlp Cube MS and LC/MSD Trap XCT Ultra Ion trap MS, Western blotting | unique for root CA group: alpha-1-acld glycoprotein 1, Ig kappa chain V-IV region LEN, cathepsin D, collagen alpha-l(VI) chain, collagen alpha-2(VI) chain, cytokeratin-17, glucose-regulated proteln-78 kDa, glutathione S-transferase P, SPARC-llke protein 1 lacking In root CA group: Ig lambda ch. V-III region SIE, Ig heavy chain V-lll region BRO, dermcidin, cytokeratin-3 In patients group: Increase In cystatins (particularly C and S) | root carles group/control group aged 82–98 years, second control group (young) | 21 root CA/20 root CF/10 young root CF | parotid saliva | Preza et al., 2009 |
| SELDI-TOF-MS | a discriminative pattern In the proteomic spectra of caries-free and caries-active subjects | ECC, children aged 1–8 years | 86 CA/118 CF | whole stimulated saliva | Hart et al., 2011 |
| SDS–PAGE, Sm.LTA-beads, LTQ-Orbitrap hybrid Fourier transform MS | S. mutans lipoteichoic acid-binding proteins in caries-free saliva: histone H4, profilin-1, neutrophil defensin-1 S. mutans lipoteichoic acid-binding proteins in caries-active saliva: cystatins, lysozyme C, calmodulin-like protein 3, actin S. mutans lipoteichoic acid-binding proteins in both groups: hemoglobin, prolactin-inducible protein, protein S100-A9, short palate, lung and nasal epithelium carcinoma-associated protein 2 | caries-free subjects DMFT=1.3±0.8, caries-positive subjects DMFT=14±9.1 | 10CA/10CF | whole unstimulated saliva | Hong et al., 2014 |
| SDS-PAGE, LC-ESI-MS/MS | unique in caries-free group: carbonic anhydrase 6, azurocidin, cold agglutinin, adduct protein (adducin 2), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH3A1), caspase-14 unique in caries-active group: MMP-9, mucin 7, lactoferrin, Ig kappa chain, Ig lambda chain | children aged 6–8 years, caries-free subjects DMFT=0, caries-positive subjects DMFT>8 | 10CA/10CF | whole unstimulated saliva | Yan et al., 2014 |
| WCX fractionation, MALDI-TOF MS | 3186.2, 3195.8 and 3324.8 Da peptides | s-ECC, children aged 3 years | 10CA/10CF | whole stimulated saliva | Si et al., 2015 |
| WCX fractionation, MALDI-TOF MS, nano-LC/ESI-MS/MS, Western blotting | 1723.7 and 1886.5 Da His-rich peptides | s-ECC, 3–5 years old children | 10 CA/10 CF after 1 and 4 weeks of treatment | whole stimulated saliva | Sun et al., 2016 |
| nano-LC-MS/MS | proteins involved in innate immunity and inflammatory proteins – more abundantly expressed in saliva samples from patients with dental caries | 10 CA/10 CF | chewing-stimulated whole saliva | Belstrøm et al., 2016 | |
| WCX fractionation, MALDI-TOF MS, nano-LC/ESI-MS/MS | 1346.6 Da His-rich peptide, 2603.5 and 3192.8 Da peptides | ECC, preschool children aged 3 years | 15 CA/15 CF | stimulated whole saliva | Ao et al., 2017 |
| WCX fractionation, MALDI-TOF MS | specific peptides with m/z values 3162.0 Da and 3290.4 - indicators of recurrence of s-ECC. | s-ECC, children aged 3–4 years caries-free DMFT=0, without relapse DMFT=2.50±0.55 with relapse DMFT=3.14±1.68 | 13 CA/13 CF | stimulated whole saliva | Tian et al., 2017 |