TABLE 1.
Demographic, psychological, and pandemic-factor overview of the sample, including United Kingdom (UK) and Republic of Ireland (Rol) subsamples and tests of difference between the subsamples.
| Whole Sample | UK | RoI | ||||||||||||
| (N = 1305) |
(N = 869, 66.6%) |
(N = 436, 33.4%) |
||||||||||||
| N | % | M | SD | N | % | M | SD | N | % | M | SD | Test of difference | ||
| Age | 43.4 | 10.89 | 43.8 | 11.16 | 42.6 | 10.30 | F(1,1286) = 3.36, p = 0.067 | |||||||
| Gender | Female | 1109 | 86.7 | 733 | 86.2 | 376 | 87.6 | χ2(5) = 2.37, p = 0.796 | ||||||
| Male | 162 | 12.7 | 110 | 13.0 | 52 | 12.1 | ||||||||
| Trans woman | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.1 | ||||||||||
| Trans man | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.1 | ||||||||||
| Non-binary/Gender queer | 2 | 0.2 | 2 | 0.2 | ||||||||||
| Prefer not to say | 4 | 0.3 | 3 | 0.4 | 1 | 0.2 | ||||||||
| Employment division | Health and Social Care | 1039 | 79.9 | 685 | 78.9 | 354 | 81.9 | χ2(3) = 10.67, p = 0.014 | ||||||
| Supply chain | 112 | 8.6 | 88 | 10.1 | 24 | 5.6 | ||||||||
| Other emergency services | 59 | 4.5 | 33 | 3.8 | 26 | 6.0 | ||||||||
| Other frontline key worker | 90 | 6.9 | 62 | 7.1 | 28 | 6.5 | ||||||||
| Highest level of education | Primary | 121 | 9.3 | 110 | 12.7 | 11 | 2.5 | χ2(5) = 75.18, p < 0.001 | ||||||
| Secondary | 284 | 21.9 | 219 | 25.3 | 65 | 14.9 | ||||||||
| Foundation degree/higher diploma | 264 | 20.3 | 175 | 20.3 | 89 | 20.5 | ||||||||
| Undergraduate degree | 386 | 29.7 | 230 | 26.6 | 156 | 35.9 | ||||||||
| Postgraduate degree | 232 | 17.9 | 122 | 14.1 | 110 | 25.3 | ||||||||
| Doctoral degree | 12 | 0.9 | 8 | 0.9 | 4 | 0.9 | ||||||||
| Partnership status | Partnered | 861 | 66.1 | 584 | 67.4 | 277 | 63.5 | χ2(1) = 1.97, p = 0.172 | ||||||
| Unpartnered | 441 | 33.9 | 282 | 32.6 | 159 | 36.5 | ||||||||
| Caring responsibilities | Yes – children, parents, or other adults | 789 | 60.6 | 499 | 57.6 | 290 | 66.7 | χ2(1) = 9.93, p = 0.001 | ||||||
| No caring responsibilities | 512 | 39.4 | 367 | 42.4 | 145 | 33.3 | ||||||||
| Government response rating | Appropriate | 5.7 | 3.33 | 5.2 | 3.19 | 6.8 | 3.35 | F(1,1303) = 70.23, p < 0.001 | ||||||
| Timely | 4.3 | 3.16 | 3.6 | 2.76 | 5.7 | 3.44 | F(1,1303) = 141.74, p < 0.001 | |||||||
| Effective | 5.1 | 3.15 | 4.6 | 2.98 | 6.0 | 3.25 | F(1,1303) = 66.38, p < 0.001 | |||||||
| Have you had CV19? | No | 770 | 59.0 | 458 | 52.7 | 312 | 71.7 | χ2(3) = 50.93, p < 0.001 | ||||||
| I’m not sure | 396 | 30.4 | 307 | 35.3 | 89 | 20.5 | ||||||||
| Yes – not tested but certain | 75 | 5.8 | 64 | 7.4 | 11 | 2.5 | ||||||||
| Yes – tested and diagnosed | 63 | 4.8 | 40 | 4.6 | 23 | 5.3 | ||||||||
| Certain | 908 | 69.6 | 562 | 64.7 | 346 | 79.5 | χ2(1) = 30.31, p < 0.001 | |||||||
| Uncertain | 396 | 30.4 | 307 | 35.3 | 89 | 20.5 | ||||||||
| Has anyone in your family had CV19? | No | 852 | 65.4 | 500 | 57.6 | 352 | 81.1 | χ2(3) = 75.51, p < 0.001 | ||||||
| I’m not sure | 278 | 21.4 | 228 | 26.3 | 50 | 11.5 | ||||||||
| Yes – not tested but certain | 115 | 8.8 | 100 | 11.5 | 15 | 3.5 | ||||||||
| Yes – tested and diagnosed | 57 | 4.4 | 40 | 4.6 | 17 | 3.9 | ||||||||
| Certain | 1024 | 78.6 | 640 | 73.7 | 384 | 88.5 | χ2(1) = 37.47, p < 0.001 | |||||||
| Uncertain | 278 | 21.4 | 228 | 26.3 | 50 | 11.5 | ||||||||
| Have any of your friends had CV19? | No | 508 | 39.0 | 299 | 34.4 | 209 | 48.2 | χ2(3) = 58.05, p < 0.001 | ||||||
| I’m not sure | 309 | 23.7 | 237 | 27.3 | 72 | 16.6 | ||||||||
| Yes – not tested but certain | 160 | 12.3 | 136 | 15.7 | 24 | 5.5 | ||||||||
| Yes – tested and diagnosed | 325 | 25.0 | 196 | 22.6 | 129 | 29.7 | ||||||||
| Certain | 993 | 76.3 | 631 | 72.7 | 362 | 83.4 | χ2(1) = 18.35, p < 0.001 | |||||||
| Uncertain | 309 | 23.7 | 237 | 27.3 | 72 | 16.6 | ||||||||
| Have any of your colleagues had CV19? | No | 314 | 24.1 | 168 | 19.3 | 146 | 33.6 | χ2(3) = 104.71, p < 0.001 | ||||||
| I’m not sure | 332 | 25.5 | 242 | 27.8 | 90 | 20.7 | ||||||||
| Yes – not tested but certain | 194 | 14.9 | 182 | 20.9 | 12 | 2.8 | ||||||||
| Yes – tested and diagnosed | 464 | 35.6 | 277 | 31.9 | 187 | 43.0 | ||||||||
| Certain | 972 | 74.5 | 627 | 72.2 | 345 | 79.3 | χ2(1) = 7.83, p = 0.006 | |||||||
| Uncertain | 332 | 25.5 | 242 | 27.8 | 90 | 20.7 | ||||||||
| Meaning in Life | Presence | 26.4 | 6.40 | 26.0 | 6.52 | 27.3 | 6.05 | F(1, 1272) = 11.79, p = 0.001 | ||||||
| Search | 19.5 | 8.21 | 19.7 | 7.98 | 19.3 | 8.66 | F(1,1303) = 0.56, p = 0.454 | |||||||
| Altruism | 40.4 | 9.27 | 40.2 | 9.69 | 41.0 | 8.33 | F(1,1254) = 2.01, p = 0.156 | |||||||
| Resilient Coping | Total | 14.6 | 3.03 | 14.6 | 3.00 | 14.7 | 3.09 | F(1, 1303) = 0.79, p = 0.373 | ||||||
| Low resilient coper | 400 | 30.8 | 275 | 31.7 | 125 | 28.9 | χ2(2) = 1.26, p = 0.532 | |||||||
| Medium resilient coper | 569 | 43.8 | 377 | 43.5 | 192 | 44.3 | ||||||||
| High resilient coper | 331 | 25.5 | 215 | 24.8 | 116 | 26.8 | ||||||||
| Resilience | 3.3 | 0.82 | 3.2 | 0.82 | 3.3 | 0.81 | F(1,1282) = 1.97, p = 0.161 | |||||||
| Burnout | Total (mean) | 3.1 | 1.10 | 3.2 | 1.06 | 3.1 | 1.18 | F(1,1303) = 1.94, p = 0.164 | ||||||
| Exhaustion | 3.4 | 1.22 | 3.5 | 1.19 | 3.4 | 1.26 | F(1,1303) = 2.02, p = 0.156 | |||||||
| Cynicism | 2.9 | 1.35 | 2.9 | 1.33 | 2.8 | 1.39 | F(1,1303) = 3.12, p = 0.078 | |||||||
| Feelings of inadequacy | 3.1 | 1.27 | 3.1 | 1.24 | 3.1 | 1.34 | F(1,1303) = 0.15, p = 0.698 | |||||||
| Wellbeing | SWEMWBS* Total | 22.7 | 4.91 | 22.3 | 4.94 | 23.8 | 4.69 | F(1,1293) = 26.92, p < 0.001 | ||||||
| SWEMWBS metric score | 21.0 | 3.89 | 20.6 | 3.91 | 21.8 | 3.74 | F(1, 1293) = 24.93, p < 0.001 | |||||||
Tests of difference marked in bold denote a significant difference (p < 0.05). *SWEMWBS, Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale.