Figure 1.

Fabrication of bioconstruct through the composite forming technology by combining extrusion printing with dynamic crosslinking. (A) Complex hierarchical construct made by the integrated system combining melt extrusion and singularization printing (from ref.[22] licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license). (B) Meniscus printing based on the extrusion of bioink containing polylactic acid (PLA) fibers, human adipose-derived stem cells, and alginate, and crosslinking by CaCl₂ (Reprinted with permission from Narayanan LK, Huebner P, Fisher MB, et al., 2016, 3D-Bioprinting of Polylactic Acid (PLA) Nanofiber–Alginate Hydrogel Bioink Containing hASCs. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng., 2(10):1732–1742[27]. Copyright © 2016 American Chemical Society). (C) Vascular structure formed by stacking pre-crosslinking alginate patterns and subsequently enhanced by adding Ba²⁺ (from ref.[28] licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license).