Table 14.

Drug Reactions

	Explanation	Clinical presentation	Common drug
Type 1	IgE	Allergic	β-lactams
Type 2	IgG, cell or matrix-associated antigen	Hemolytic anemia thrombocytopenia	β-lactams, sulfa, rifampin,
Type 3	IgG, complement	Serum sickness, arthus reaction, vasculitis	β-lactams, sulfa, minocycline
Type 4a	INF-γ, TNF-α, TH1 cells	TB skin test, contact dermatitis
Type 4b	IL-5, IL-4, IL-13, TH2 cells	Drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms
Type 4c	Perforin/granzyme B	Steven–Johnson syndrome/Toxic toxic epidermal necrolysis, bullous exanthema and fixed drug reactions, hepatitis
Type 4d	IL-8, CG-CSF (T cell)	Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis	β-lactams

Khan et al.¹³

CG-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL, interleukin; INF, interferon; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.