Table 1.
Unadjusted Demographics for Unweighted Study Population by Sleep Quality and Sleep Duration
| Overall |
Sleep quality |
Sleep duration |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % or mean | Poor, % or mean | Good, % or mean | P | Short, % or mean | Optimal, % or mean | Long, % or mean | P | |
| Number | 4201 | 933 | 3268 | – | 1632 | 2175 | 394 | – |
| 22.2 | 77.8 | – | 38.8 | 51.8 | 9.4 | – | ||
| Demographic variables | ||||||||
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 67.3 | 72.1 | 66.0 | 0.0004 | 70.3 | 65.3 | 65.7 | 0.004 |
| Male | 32.7 | 27.9 | 34.1 | 29.7 | 34.7 | 34.3 | ||
| Age, years | 77.4 | 78.0 | 0.02 | 77.7 | 77.8 | 79.2 | 0.001 | |
| 65 to 69 | 10.4 | 12.9 | 9.7 | 0.01 | 11.4 | 10.0 | 8.4 | 0.007 |
| 70 to 74 | 26.3 | 27.9 | 25.8 | 26.7 | 26.7 | 22.1 | ||
| 75 to 79 | 25.8 | 24.3 | 26.2 | 25.1 | 26.9 | 22.3 | ||
| 80 to 84 | 18.7 | 16.4 | 19.4 | 18.0 | 18.3 | 24.4 | ||
| ≥85 | 18.9 | 18.5 | 19.0 | 18.9 | 18.2 | 22.8 | ||
| Median Income (from zip code) | ||||||||
| Low | 13.8 | 15.4 | 13.3 | 0.30 | 15.8 | 12.7 | 11.9 | 0.007 |
| Medium | 34.8 | 35.4 | 34.6 | 35.3 | 35.1 | 31 | ||
| High | 51.2 | 49.1 | 51.9 | 48.8 | 52.1 | 56.6 | ||
| Minority (from zip code) | ||||||||
| Low | 50.9 | 50.9 | 50.9 | 0.38 | 49.9 | 51.8 | 50.3 | 0.30 |
| Medium | 45.0 | 44.5 | 45.2 | 45.5 | 44.6 | 45.4 | ||
| High | 3.0 | 3.8 | 2.8 | 3.7 | 2.5 | 2.8 | ||
| Location | ||||||||
| Urban | 83.4 | 83.7 | 83.3 | 0.76 | 83.5 | 82.7 | 86.6 | 0.17 |
| Other | 16.6 | 16.3 | 16.7 | 16.5 | 17.3 | 13.5 | ||
| Region | ||||||||
| Midwest | 24.7 | 23.9 | 25.0 | 0.78 | 23.4 | 24.9 | 29.2 | 0.006 |
| Northeast | 19.6 | 18.5 | 19.9 | 20.4 | 19.6 | 15.7 | ||
| South | 26.7 | 27.4 | 26.5 | 28.4 | 26.3 | 22.1 | ||
| West | 28.9 | 30.0 | 28.5 | 27.6 | 29.1 | 32.5 | ||
| Primary Care Physicians/100,000 | ||||||||
| Low | 32.5 | 33.4 | 32.2 | 0.9 | 33.2 | 32.3 | 30.5 | 0.7 |
| Medium | 47.7 | 46.4 | 47.6 | 46.3 | 47.8 | 49.5 | ||
| High | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 20.4 | 19.8 | 19.8 | ||
| Plan Type | ||||||||
| High coverage | 77.2 | 76.7 | 77.4 | 0.69 | 76.5 | 77.2 | 80.5 | 0.25 |
| Middle coverage | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 0.66 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 0.67 |
| Other | 20.1 | 20.4 | 20.0 | 0.81 | 20.7 | 20.3 | 16.2 | 0.13 |
| Claims-based variables | ||||||||
| Dementia | 3.6 | 4.4 | 3.4 | 0.14 | 3.7 | 2.9 | 7.4 | <0.0001 |
| Sleep Apnea | 14.5 | 14.0 | 14.6 | 0.65 | 14.0 | 14.5 | 16.5 | 0.44 |
| HCC Score | ||||||||
| HCC <0.50 | 21.3 | 18.5 | 22.1 | 0.005 | 19.2 | 23.6 | 17.3 | <0.0001 |
| HCC 0.50 to <1.20 | 45.6 | 43.8 | 46.3 | 44.9 | 46.5 | 43.7 | ||
| HCC 1.20 to <2.80 | 28.3 | 31.8 | 27.3 | 30.8 | 25.5 | 33.5 | ||
| HCC ≥2.80 | 4.8 | 5.8 | 4.5 | 5.1 | 4.5 | 5.6 | ||
| Medications | ||||||||
| Antipsychotics | 2.7 | 4.0 | 2.3 | 0.005 | 3.2 | 2.1 | 3.6 | 0.07 |
| Benzodiazepines | 22.1 | 30.0 | 19.8 | <0.0001 | 25.5 | 19.5 | 22.1 | <0.0001 |
| Muscle Relaxants | 20.5 | 25.4 | 19.1 | <0.0001 | 23.7 | 18.0 | 21.1 | <0.0001 |
| NSAID | 36.3 | 37.6 | 35.9 | 0.32 | 37.5 | 35.5 | 35.5 | 0.41 |
| Opioid Rx | 58.7 | 67.9 | 56.0 | <0.0001 | 62.7 | 55.6 | 58.6 | <0.0001 |
| Sleep Medication Rx | 15.5 | 25.4 | 12.7 | <0.0001 | 18.3 | 37.8 | 13.7 | 0.0004 |
| Survey variables | ||||||||
| Pain condition | ||||||||
| Low Back Pain | 56.3 | 56.9 | 56.2 | 0.68 | 55.8 | 56.6 | 57.1 | 0.83 |
| Osteoarthritis | 56.2 | 57.4 | 55.8 | 0.37 | 56.4 | 56.2 | 54.8 | 0.85 |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | 18.9 | 20.8 | 18.4 | 0.09 | 20.3 | 17.7 | 20.1 | 0.10 |
| Weight Category | ||||||||
| Normal weight (BMI ≤25) | 31.1 | 28.5 | 31.8 | 0.03 | 29.2 | 31.9 | 34.3 | 0.004 |
| Overweight (BMI 26 to <30) | 35.2 | 34.1 | 35.5 | 33.7 | 35.7 | 38.1 | ||
| Obese (BMI ≥30) | 30.7 | 34.5 | 29.6 | 33.8 | 29.6 | 23.9 | ||
| Depression | ||||||||
| Yes | 8.3 | 17.5 | 5.7 | <0.0001 | 12.3 | 4.9 | 10.4 | <0.0001 |
| No | 91.0 | 81.7 | 93.6 | 86.6 | 94.6 | 88.8 | ||
| Perceived stress | ||||||||
| Low Stress | 68.2 | 50.2 | 73.3 | <0.0001 | 59.6 | 74.8 | 67.0 | <0.0001 |
| Medium Stress | 28.4 | 41.9 | 24.5 | 34.8 | 23.4 | 29.7 | ||
| High Stress | 2.9 | 7.7 | 1.5 | 5.1 | 1.3 | 2.5 | ||
| Resilience score | ||||||||
| High (score ≥4) | 42.3 | 29.2 | 46.1 | <0.0001 | 32.4 | 50.2 | 39.6 | <0.0001 |
| Low (score <4) | 57.3 | 70.7 | 53.5 | 67.2 | 49.5 | 59.6 | ||
| Social Network Index | ||||||||
| Diverse | 54.3 | 45.1 | 56.9 | <0.0001 | 47.9 | 59.9 | 49.8 | <0.0001 |
| Medium | 26.8 | 29.6 | 26.0 | 28.8 | 25.0 | 28.4 | ||
| Limited | 14.7 | 21.5 | 12.8 | 18.8 | 10.9 | 18.8 | ||
Missing response rows were excluded to simplify the table; thus, frequencies may not add to 100%.
BMI, body mass index; HCC, Hierarchical Condition Category; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; Rx, prescription.