Table 3.

Outcomes Associated with Propensity Matched New and Continuing Tramadol and Other Opioid Users Versus No Opioids

Outcomes	New users			Continuing users
	Tramadol	Other opioids	No opioids	Tramadol	Other opioids	No opioids
Number	18,824	18,661	18,824	7,075	7,238	7,075
Unadjusted falls/hip fractures rates (%)	19.3%	20.9%	12.6%	21.3%	23.3%	12.7%
Adjusted falls/hip fractures rates (%)	24.8%	26.2%	15.5%	24.1%	24.8%	16.3%
Unadjusted CVD hospitalization rates (%)	12.0%	14.0%	9.0%	13.9%	17.6%	9.9%
Adjusted CVD hospitalization rates (%)	14.8%	17.4%	10.5%	15.0%	19.1%	11.5%
Unadjusted safety event hospitalization rates (%)	16.5%	18.9%	12.9%	19.3%	24.1%	13.9%
Adjusted safety event hospitalization rates (%)	21.4%	24.6%	15.8%	22.0%	27.4%	17.4%
Unadjusted all-cause mortality rates (%)	6.9%	6.7%	6.6%	8.0%	9.9%	7.2%
Adjusted all-cause mortality rates (%)	6.9%	6.6%	5.7%	6.6%	7.7%	6.5%
Falls/hip fractures, hazard ratio (95% CI)	1.59 (1.51–1.68)	1.69 (1.60–1.78)	Ref.	1.48 (1.35–1.61)	1.52 (1.39–1.66)	Ref.
CVD hospitalizations, hazard ratio (95% CI)	1.41 (1.32–1.51)	1.66 (1.55–1.77)	Ref.	1.31 (1.19–1.45)	1.67 (1.51–1.84)	Ref.
Safety event hospitalizations, hazard ratio (95% CI)	1.35 (1.28–1.43)	1.55 (1.47–1.64)	Ref.	1.27 (1.17–1.38)	1.58 (1.45–1.72)	Ref.
All-cause mortality, hazard ratio (95% CI)	1.21 (1.12–1.31)	1.17 (1.07–1.27)	Ref.	1.02 (0.90–1.15)	1.19 (1.06–1.35)	Ref.

All models regression adjusted for variables in Table 2. All hazard ratios for tramadol and other opioids users vs. nonusers significantly different P < 0.001 with the exception of all-cause mortality continuing tramadol vs. nonuser not significant. Hazard ratios for other opioids vs. tramadol significant for falls/hip fractures: new P = 0.02; continuing P = 0.04; CVD hospitalizations: new P < 0.0001; continuing P < 0.0001; safety event hospitalizations: new P < 0.0001`; continuing P < 0.0001; all-cause mortality: new not significant; continuing P = 0.004.

CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular.