Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics for Sample
| Full sample |
Case subjects |
Control subjects |
χ2 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | P value | |
| Total sample | 683,680 (100) | 17,207 (100) | 532,175 (100) | |
| Age* | <0.001 | |||
| 18–34 years | 60,264 (9) | 696 (4) | 56,176 (11) | |
| 35–44 years | 121,891 (18) | 2256 (13) | 105,999 (20) | |
| 45–54 years | 200,834 (29) | 5259 (31) | 159,031 (30) | |
| 55–64 years | 256,670 (38) | 8779 (51) | 170,717 (32) | |
| Missing | 44,021 (6) | 217 (1) | 40,252 (7) | |
| Sex | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 271,132 (40) | 7451 (43) | 202,178 (38) | |
| Female | 412,548 (60) | 9756 (57) | 330,043 (62) | |
| Region* | <0.001 | |||
| Northeast | 147,737 (22) | 4482 (26) | 110,918 (21) | |
| Midwest | 119,970 (18) | 3186 (19) | 90,790 (17) | |
| South | 310,005 (45) | 7865 (46) | 240,578 (45) | |
| West | 61,785 (9) | 1454 (8) | 49,560 (9) | |
| Unknown/missing | 44,183 (6) | 220 (1) | 40,375 (8) | |
| Employee classification* | <0.001 | |||
| Salary nonunion | 111,256 (16) | 2760 (16) | 89,398 (17) | |
| Salary union | 41,925 (6) | 929 (5) | 34,691 (7) | |
| Salary other | 24,268 (4) | 502 (3) | 20,208 (4) | |
| Hourly nonunion | 25,670 (4) | 712 (4) | 19,932 (4) | |
| Hourly union | 94,472 (14) | 3471 (20) | 63,340 (12) | |
| Hourly other | 63,803 (9) | 1565 (9) | 50,909 (10) | |
| Nonunion | 12,638 (2) | 375 (2) | 10,402 (2) | |
| Union | 2210 (<1) | 55 (<1) | 1693 (<1) | |
| Unknown | 263,417 (39) | 6621 (38) | 201,394 (38) | |
| Missing | 44,021 (6) | 217 (1) | 40,254 (8) | |
| Employee status* | <0.001 | |||
| Active full-time | 285,668 (42) | 7179 (42) | 230,791 (43) | |
| Active part-time or seasonal | 10,374 (2) | 249 (1) | 8261 (2) | |
| Early retiree | 65,004 (10) | 2360 (14) | 42,078 (8) | |
| Medicare eligible retiree | 10,463 (2) | 368 (2) | 6375 (1) | |
| Retiree (status unknown) | 112(<1) | 3 (<1) | 69 (<1) | |
| COBRA continuee | 2249 (<1) | 79 (<1) | 1666 (<1) | |
| Long-term disability | 840 (<1) | 37 (<1) | 549 (<1) | |
| Surviving spouse/dependent | 2598 (<1) | 109 (<1) | 1534 (<1) | |
| Other/unknown | 262,331 (38) | 6607 (38) | 200,644 (38) | |
| Missing | 44,021 (6) | 217 (1) | 40,254 (8) |
P values for univariate chi-square test of independence between characteristics of control and case.
The full sample includes individuals who may have been diagnosed with diabetes 2010–2013.
All values with negative expenditures are excluded.
*
2014 data.
COBRA, Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act.