Table 1.
Factors Associated with COVID-19 Positivity
| Factors | Unadjusted odds ratio (95% Wald confidence limits) | Adjusted odds ratio (95% Wald confidence limits) |
|---|---|---|
| Race/ethnicity proportions | ||
| Black non-Hispanic | 5.34 (5.24–5.45) | 4.60 (4.48–4.72) |
| Hispanic | 3.10 (3.05–3.15) | 3.06 (2.99–3.13) |
| Asian non-Hispanic | 4.61 (4.40–4.83) | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) |
| “Other” race/ethnicity | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.18 (1.07–1.30) |
| White non-Hispanic | reference | reference |
| Age | 0.997 (0.996–0.997) | 0.998 (0.998–0.998) |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 1.22 (1.21–1.23) | 1.23 (1.22–1.24) |
| Female | reference | reference |
| Population Density | ||
| Quintile 5 (highest density) | 3.37 (3.32–3.41) | 1.61 (1.59–1.64) |
| Quintile 4 | 1.91 (1.89–1.94) | 1.35 (1.33–1.38) |
| Quintile 3 | 1.64 (1.62–1.67) | 1.21 (1.19–1.23) |
| Quintile 2 | 1.25 (1.23–1.27) | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) |
| Quintile 1 (lowest density) | reference | reference |
| Mean Income | ||
| Quintile 5 (highest income) | 0.85 (0.84–0.86) | 1.23 (1.21–1.25) |
| Quintile 4 | 0.89 (0.88–0.90) | 1.23 (1.21–1.24) |
| Quintile 3 | 0.94 (0.93–0.95) | 1.16 (1.14–1.18) |
| Quintile 2 | 0.84 (0.83–0.85) | 1.07 (1.06–1.09) |
| Quintile 1 (lowest income) | reference | reference |
| Patient State | ||
| New York | 2.81 (2.77–2.84) | 2.45 (2.41–2.48) |
| New Jersey | 3.02 (2.97–3.06) | 2.63 (2.59–2.68) |
| Connecticut | 1.72 (1.68–1.75) | 1.79 (1.75–1.83) |
| Massachusetts | 1.83 (1.80–1.85) | 2.02 (1.99–2.05) |
| Rhode Island | 0.83 (0.75–0.91) | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) |
| All Others | reference | reference |
Multivariable model included 2,261,456 of 2,331,175 (97.1%) of the study population with no missing data for any variables included in the model. Odds ratios for race/ethnicity proportions should be interpreted using the following example; a 1% increase in the Black non-Hispanic proportion within a zip code corresponds to the odds of testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 increasing by a factor of 4.6.