Table 2.
Results for short-term drugs
| Treatment category | Reference group | VA and/or SD | VA |
|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | ||
| Current vs. never user | |||
| Ciprofloxacin current user | Never user | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) | 0.93 (0.87–0.99) |
| Levofloxacin current user | Never user | 1.51 (1.44–1.57) | 1.28 (1.20–1.36) |
| Moxifloxacin current user | Never user | 1.23 (1.03–1.45) | 1.18 (0.95–1.47) |
| Azithromycin current user | Never user | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) |
| Clarithromycin current user | Never user | 0.79 (0.66–0.95) | 0.73 (0.58–0.92) |
| Erythromycin current user | Never user | 1.63 (1.32–2.02) | 1.83 (1.42–2.36) |
| Amoxicillin (control) current user | Never user | 1.00 (0.96–1.04) | 0.93 (0.88–0.98) |
| Fluconazole current user | Never user | 2.23 (2.15–2.32) | 2.07 (1.97–2.17) |
| Ondansetron current user | Never user | 3.05 (2.96–3.14) | 2.99 (2.88–3.10) |
| Antibiotics vs. control | |||
| Ciprofloxacin current user | Amoxicillin current user | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) |
| Levofloxacin current user | Amoxicillin current user | 1.51 (1.42–1.61) | 1.38 (1.27–1.50) |
| Moxifloxacin current user | Amoxicillin current user | 1.23 (1.03–1.46) | 1.28 (1.02–1.60) |
| Azithromycin current user | Amoxicillin current user | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | 1.07 (0.98–1.16) |
| Clarithromycin current user | Amoxicillin current user | 0.79 (0.66–0.96) | 0.79 (0.62–1.00) |
| Erythromycin current user | Amoxicillin current user | 1.63 (1.32–2.03) | 1.98 (1.52–2.56) |
| Current vs. former use | |||
| Ciprofloxacin current user | Former user | 1.30 (1.24–1.36) | 1.21 (1.14–1.29) |
| Levofloxacin current user | Former user | 1.63 (1.56–1.70) | 1.43 (1.35–1.52) |
| Moxifloxacin current user | Former user | 1.35 (1.13–1.60) | 1.36 (1.09–1.69) |
| Azithromycin current user | Former user | 1.22 (1.16–1.28) | 1.21 (1.13–1.28) |
| Clarithromycin current user | Former user | 0.85 (0.71–1.02) | 0.76 (0.60–0.96) |
| Erythromycin current user | Former user | 1.95 (1.57–2.43) | 2.09 (1.61–2.73) |
| Amoxicillin current user | Former user | 1.24 (1.19–1.29) | 1.14 (1.08–1.21) |
| Fluconazole current user | Former user | 1.58 (1.53–1.65) | 1.45 (1.38–1.52) |
| Ondansetron current user | Former user | 1.77 (1.72–1.83) | 1.83 (1.76–1.90) |
| Demographics | |||
| Female | Male | 0.70 (0.69–0.70) | 0.70 (0.69–0.71) |
| Part D since 2008 | Part D since 2007 | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) |
| Part D since 2009 | Part D since 2007 | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.91 (0.89–0.94) |
| Part D since 2010 | Part D since 2007 | 0.87 (0.85–0.88) | 0.87 (0.85–0.90) |
| Part D since 2011 | Part D since 2007 | 0.84 (0.82–0.85) | 0.82 (0.80–0.85) |
| Part D since 2012 | Part D since 2007 | 0.78 (0.76–0.79) | 0.76 (0.74–0.78) |
| Part D since 2013 | Part D since 2007 | 0.67 (0.66–0.69) | 0.64 (0.62–0.66) |
| Part D since 2014 | Part D since 2007 | 0.58 (0.57–0.59) | 0.56 (0.55–0.58) |
| Part D since 2015 | Part D since 2007 | 0.59 (0.57–0.61) | 0.58 (0.56–0.60) |
| African American | White | 1.13 (1.11–1.14) | 1.02 (1.00–1.05) |
| Hispanic | White | 0.78 (0.77–0.80) | 0.71 (0.69–0.73) |
| Asian | White | 0.81 (0.78–0.84) | 0.73 (0.70–0.77) |
| Other | White | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) |
| Ever dual | Non dual no LIS | 1.04 (1.03–1.06) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) |
| Non-dual, LIS | Non dual no LIS | 1.45 (1.42–1.48) | 1.10 (1.07–1.14) |
| Living in rural areas | No | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 0.91 (0.90–0.92) |
| Proarrhythmic risk factors | |||
| Ischemic heart disease | No | 1.80 (1.78–1.82) | 2.05 (2.02–2.08) |
| Hypothyroidism | No | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) |
| Chronic kidney disease | No | 1.35 (1.33–1.36) | 1.19 (1.17–1.21) |
| Bradycardia | No | 1.53 (1.52–1.55) | 1.82 (1.79–1.85) |
| Electrolyte imbalance (including hypokalemia) | No | 1.24 (1.22–1.26) | 1.17 (1.15–1.19) |
| Heart failure | No | 2.44 (2.41–2.47) | 2.75 (2.71–2.80) |
| Liver disease and cirrhosis | No | 1.15 (1.13–1.17) | 1.13 (1.11–1.16) |
| Acute myocardial infarction | No | 1.19 (1.17–1.22) | 1.17 (1.14–1.21) |
VA ventricular arrhythmia, SD sudden death, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, LIS low-income subsidy