Table 3.
Results for chronic-usage drugs
| Treatment category | Reference group | VA and/or SD | VA |
|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | ||
| Current vs. never user | |||
| Citalopram current user, all | Never user | 1.03 (1.02–1.05) | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) |
| Citalopram current user, CU ≤ 12 mo | Never user | 1.23 (1.20–1.26) | 1.05 (1.02–1.09) |
| Citalopram current user, CU > 12 mo | Never user | 0.86 (0.85–0.88) | 0.93 (0.90–0.95) |
| Escitalopram current user, all | Never user | 1.18 (1.16–1.20) | 1.16 (1.14–1.19) |
| Escitalopram current user, CU ≤ 12 mo | Never user | 1.34 (1.31–1.37) | 1.26 (1.22–1.30) |
| Escitalopram current user, CU > 12 mo | Never user | 1.04 (1.01–1.06) | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) |
| SNRI (control) current user, all | Never user | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) |
| SNRI (control) current user, CU ≤ 12 mo | Never user | 0.97 (0.94–0.99) | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) |
| SNRI (control) current user, CU > 12 mo | Never user | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) |
| Antipsychotic current user, all | Never user | 2.18 (2.15–2.22) | 2.36 (2.31–2.41) |
| Antipsychotic current user, CU ≤ 12 mo | Never user | 2.62 (2.57–2.68) | 3.53 (3.44–3.62) |
| Antipsychotic current user, CU > 12 mo | Never user | 1.81 (1.77–1.86) | 1.57 (1.52–1.63) |
| PDEI current user, all | Never user | 2.56 (2.53–2.59) | 2.97 (2.93–3.01) |
| PDEI current user, CU ≤ 12 mo | Never user | 3.16 (3.11–3.20) | 3.90 (3.83–3.96) |
| PDEI current user, CU > 12 mo | Never user | 2.08 (2.05–2.11) | 2.26 (2.22–2.30) |
| Hydroxychloroquine current user, all | Never user | 1.68 (1.66–1.71) | 1.55 (1.52–1.58) |
| Hydroxychloroquine current user, CU ≤ 12 mo | Never user | 1.68 (1.64–1.71) | 1.54 (1.50–1.58) |
| Hydroxychloroquine current user, CU > 12 mo | Never user | 1.69 (1.67–1.72) | 1.56 (1.53–1.59) |
| Donepezil current user, all | Never user | 1.43 (1.41–1.45) | 1.34 (1.31–1.36) |
| Donepezil current user, CU ≤ 12 mo | Never user | 1.59 (1.57–1.62) | 1.30 (1.27–1.33) |
| Donepezil current user, CU > 12 mo | Never user | 1.29 (1.27–1.31) | 1.38 (1.34–1.41) |
| Antidepressants comparison | |||
| Citalopram current user, all | Citalopram former user | 1.14 (1.11–1.16) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) |
| Escitalopram current user, all | Escitalopram former user | 1.31 (1.28–1.35) | 1.26 (1.22–1.30) |
| Citalopram current user, all | Escitalopram current user, all | 0.87 (0.86–0.89) | 0.85 (0.83–0.88) |
| Citalopram current user, CU ≤ 12 mo | Escitalopram current user, CU ≤ 12 mo | 0.92 (0.89–0.95) | 0.84 (0.80–0.88) |
| Citalopram current user, CU > 12 mo | Escitalopram current user, CU > 12 mo | 0.83 (0.81–0.86) | 0.86 (0.83–0.90) |
| Citalopram current user, all | SNRI current user. all | 1.06 (1.03–1.08) | 0.97 (0.95–1.00) |
| Citalopram current user, CU ≤ 12 mo | SNRI current user, CU ≤ 12 mo | 1.27 (1.23–1.31) | 1.03 (0.98–1.07) |
| Citalopram current user, CU > 12 mo | SNRI current user, CU > 12 mo | 0.88 (0.85–0.90) | 0.92 (0.89–0.95) |
| Escitalopram current user, all | SNRI current user, all | 1.21 (1.18–1.23) | 1.14 (1.11–1.18) |
| Escitalopram current user, CU ≤ 12 mo | SNRI current user, CU ≤ 12 mo | 1.39 (1.34–1.43) | 1.22 (1.17–1.27) |
| Escitalopram current user, CU > 12 mo | SNRI current user, CU > 12 mo | 1.05 (1.02–1.08) | 1.07 (1.03–1.11) |
| Current vs. former use of other drugs | |||
| Antipsychotic current user, all | Former user | 1.42 (1.39–1.45) | 2.19 (2.13–2.25) |
| PDEI current user, all | Former user | 1.53 (1.51–1.55) | 1 2.08 (2.05–2.12) |
| Hydroxychloroquine current user, all | Former user | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 0.86 (0.84–0.88) |
| Donepezil current user, all | Former user | 0.87 (0.86–0.88) | 0.92 (0.90–0.94) |
| Demographics | |||
| Female | Male | 0.69 (0.68–0.70) | 0.70 (0.69–0.70) |
| Part D since 2008 | Part D since 2007 | 0.93 (0.92–0.95) | 0.81 (0.79–0.82) |
| Part D since 2009 | Part D since 2007 | 0.93 (0.91–0.94) | 0.85 (0.84–0.87) |
| Part D since 2010 | Part D since 2007 | 1.01 (1.00–1.03) | 0.94 (0.92–0.95) |
| Part D since 2011 | Part D since 2007 | 0.92 (0.91–0.94) | 0.68 (0.67–0.70) |
| Part D since 2012 | Part D since 2007 | 0.73 (0.72–0.74) | 0.58 (0.57–0.59) |
| Part D since 2013 | Part D since 2007 | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 0.87 (0.85–0.89) |
| Part D since 2014 | Part D since 2007 | 0.63 (0.62–0.64) | 0.48 (0.47–0.49) |
| Part D since 2015 | Part D since 2007 | 0.55 (0.54–0.56) | 0.50 (0.49–0.52) |
| African American | White | 1.22 (1.21–1.24) | 1.11 (1.09–1.13) |
| Hispanic | White | 0.77 (0.75–0.78) | 0.71 (0.69–0.72) |
| Asian | White | 0.55 (0.53–0.57) | 0.37 (0.35–0.39) |
| Other | White | 1.61 (1.58–1.64) | 1.15 (1.12–1.18) |
| Ever dual | Non-dual no LIS | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | 1.04 (1.02–1.05) |
| Non-dual, LIS | Non-dual no LIS | 1.60 (1.57–1.62) | 1.26 (1.23–1.28) |
| Living in rural areas | No | 0.92 (0.91–0.93) | 0.77 (0.76–0.78) |
| Proarrhythmic risk factors | |||
| Ischemic heart disease | No | 1.54 (1.53–1.55) | 1.75 (1.73–1.77) |
| Hypothyroidism | No | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) |
| Chronic kidney disease | No | 1.52 (1.51–1.53) | 1.45 (1.44–1.47) |
| Bradycardia | No | 1.50 (1.48–1.51) | 1.81 (1.79–1.83) |
| Electrolyte imbalance (including hypokalemia) | No | 1.07 (1.06–1.08) | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) |
| Heart failure | No | 2.84 (2.82–2.87) | 3.21 (3.18–3.25) |
| Liver disease and cirrhosis | No | 1.48 (1.46–1.49) | 1.61 (1.59–1.63) |
| Acute myocardial infarction | No | 1.31 (1.29–1.33) | 1.27 (1.25–1.29) |
VA ventricular arrhythmia, SD sudden death, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, CU cumulative use, mo months, LIS low-income subsidy, SNRI serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, PDEI phosphodiesterase inhibitor