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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Dec 18;9(2):94–105. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30399-5

Table 3.

Odds ratios (ORs)a for thyroid cancer risk in offspring in relation to maternal, paternal, and birth characteristics and maternal and neonatal medical conditions, by sex, urban/rural, year of birth, and year of diagnosis

Sex Urban vs. rural Year of birth Year of diagnosis
Males (n=557
cases)		 Females (n=1,880
cases)		 Urban (n=417) Rural (n=2,020) Up to 1985
(n=1,873)		 1986+ (n=564) Up to 2004
(n=672)		 2005+ (n=1,765)
OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CI
Maternal characteristics
Age at birth (years)
  <25 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference
  25-29 0·89 0·72-1·09 1·03 0·92-1·15 1·13 0·88-1·45 0·97 0·87-1·08 1·00 0·89-1·11 0·98 0·78-1·22 0·98 0·82-1·18 1·00 0·89-1·13
  30-39 0·86 0·68-1·07 0·93 0·82-1·05 1·04 0·79-1·36 0·89 0·78-1·00 0·92 0·81-1·04 0·89 0·71-1·12 0·83 0·67-1·03 0·94 0·83-1·07
  40+ 1·00 0·49-2·02 1·03 0·70-1·51 1·19 0·53-2·69 1·01 0·70-1·45 1·01 0·68-1·50 1·06 0·57-1·98 0·96 0·49-1·86 1·05 0·71-1·55
Age at birth (per year) 0·99 0·97-1·01 1·00 0·99-1·01 1·00 0·98-1·02 0·99 0·98-1·00 1·00 0·99-1·100 0·99 0·97-1·01 0·99 0·97-1·01 1·00 0·99-1·01
Smoking during pregnancy (yes vs. no) 1·33 0·82-2·16 1·08 0·84-1·38 1·25 0·79-1·96 1·09 0·85-1·40 1·33 0·88-2·00 1·05 0·81-1·37 0·68 0·36-1·29 1·22 0·96-1·54
Marital status
  Married/co-inhabitant 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference
  Single/widowed/divorced 1·04 0·82-1·33 1·01 0·88-1·15 0·96 0·73-1·26 1·04 0·91-1·18 1·02 0·89-1·16 1·01 0·78-1·31 1·07 0·86-1·33 1·00 0·87-1·14
Paternal characteristics
Age at birth (per year) 0·99 0·97-1·01 1·00 0·99-1·01 1·04 1·00-1·07 0·99 0·98-1·00 0·99 0·98-1·01 1·02 0·99-1·05 0·99 0·97-1·01 1·00 0·99-1·01
Birth characteristics
Preterm birth (yes vs. no) 1·07 0·73-1·56 0·99 0·79-1·25 1·37 0·89-2·09 0·94 0·75-1·18 0·88 0·70-1·12 1·38 0·99-1·95 1·05 0·74-1·50 0·99 0·79-1·26
Multiple birth (yes vs. no) 1·32 0·72-2·43 1·20 0·87-1·65 1·43 0·77-2·64 1·22 0·88-1·68 1·17 0·83-1·65 1·37 0·82-2·28 1·05 0·58-1·92 1·28 0·93-1·78
Cesarean delivery (yes vs. no) 0·90 0·64-1·27 0·98 0·82-1·17 1·12 0·79-1·58 0·94 0·78-1·12 0·95 0·78-1·15 0·99 0·75-1·31 0·98 0·71-1·35 0·96 0·79-1·15
Small-for-gestational age (yes vs. no) 1·21 0·72-2·01 0·99 0·75-1·33 1·45 0·87-2·41 0·95 0·71-1·27 0·98 0·74-1·30 1·31 0·76-2·26 1·05 0·66-1·68 1·04 0·77-1·39
Large-for-gestational age (yes vs. no) 1·65 1·00-2·71 0·95 0·68-1·32 1·06 0·51-2·22 1·08 0·79-1·46 1·00 0·71-1·41 1·34 0·84-2·14 1·33 0·81-2·19 1·02 0·73-1·42
Birth weight (g)
  <1,500 0·70 0·09-5·26 0·88 0·38-2·04 1·16 0·27-5·02 0·77 0·31-1·94 0·72 0·26-1·98 1·14 0·34-3·75 0·87 0·20-3·67 0·85 0·34-2·12
  1,500-2,499 0·93 0·55-1·58 1·04 0·81-1·33 1·70 1·10-2·64 0·86 0·66-1·13 0·95 0·73-1·24 1·26 0·80-1·98 1·03 0·67-1·59 1·01 0·78-1·32
  2,500-3,499 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference
  3,500-4,499 1·20 1·00-1·45 1·12 1·02-1·24 1·12 0·90-1·39 1·14 1·04-1·26 1·13 1·02-1·25 1·17 0·98-1·41 1·33 1·12-1·57 1·07 0·97-1·19
  4,500+ 1·34 0·87-2·07 1·15 0·82-1·62 1·50 0·80-2·81 1·15 0·86-1·55 1·21 0·89-1·66 1·22 0·74-2·00 1·96 1·23-3·11 1·00 0·72-1·38
Birth weight (per kg) 1·16 0·99-1·36 1·13 1·03-1·24 0·96 0·80-1·15 1·18 1·08-1·29 1·16 1·06-1·27 1·07 0·92-1·25 1·27 1·09-1·47 1·09 0·99-1·19
Birth order
  1 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference 1·00 Reference
  2 0·96 0·79-1·17 1·03 0·92-1·14 1·19 0·95-1·49 0·97 0·88-1·08 0·97 0·87-1·08 1·16 0·98-1·42 0·84 0·70-1·01 1·08 0·97-1·21
  3 0·72 0·55-0·94 0·91 0·78-1·04 0·87 0·63-1·21 0·85 0·74-0·98 0·86 0·75-0·99 0·85 0·65-1·12 0·79 0·62-1·00 0·89 0·77-1·03
  4 0·58 0·36-0·95 0·80 0·64-1·02 1·10 0·63-1·93 0·70 0·56-0·89 0·70 0·55-0·90 0·93 0·61-1·42 0·65 0·44-0·98 0·79 0·62-1·02
  5+ 0·88 0·51-1·52 0·99 0·75-1·32 1·35 0·70-2·59 0·92 0·70-1·21 0·84 0·63-1·14 1·51 0·92-2·47 0·90 0·56-1·43 0·99 0·74-1·34
Maternal conditions diagnosed before pregnancy
Diabetes (yes vs. no) 0·91 0·21-3·88 1·95 1·07-3·55 1·66 0·48-5·68 1·85 0·99-3·45 1·50 0·77-2·93 2·26 0·86-5·98 0·95 0·22-4·06 1·93 1·06-3·50
Hypertension (yes vs. no) NE NE 1·24 0·29-5·40 1·27 0·16-10·3 0·66 0·09-5·01 1·67 0·37-7·45 NE NE 1·67 0·20-13·8 0·62 0·98-4·68
Maternal conditions diagnosed before/during pregnancy (Denmark only)b
Hypothyroidism (yes vs. no) NE NE 19·1 11·0-33·1 38·4 10·9-136 11·1 6·35-19·5 17·6 10·2-30·4 3·33 0·67-16·5 28·0 10·1-77·7 11·2 6·23-20·0
Hyperthyroidism (yes vs. no) NE NE 11·9 6·8-20·9 5·60 1·64-19·2 8·91 5·05-15·7 8·32 4·81-14·4 6·00 1·43-25·1 4·72 1·60-13·9 9·40 5·24-16·9
Goiter (yes vs. no) NE NE 82·8 46·6-147 51·0 19·6-133 34·6 22·4-53·5 50·2 31·5-80·1 10·0 4·16-24·0 33·6 14·5-78·0 38·4 24·5-60·0
Thyroiditis (yes vs. no) NE NE 3·33 0·90-12·3 10·0 0·63-160 2·22 0·48-10·3 3·33 0·90-12·3 NE NE 3·33 0·35-32·1 2·86 0·59-13·8
Benign thyroid neoplasms (yes vs. no) NE NE 22·5 6·93-73·1 NE NE 22·5 6·93-73·1 17·5 5·12-59·8 20·0 1·81-221 NE NE 14·0 4·44-44·1
Maternal conditions diagnosed during pregnancy
Gestational hypertension (yes vs. no) 0·80 0·40-1·59 0·75 0·49-1·17 1·26 0·60-2·65 0·67 0·44-1·03 0·68 0·43-1·09 0·96 0·52-1·75 0·70 0·32-1·51 0·79 0·52-1·20
Hyperemesis (yes vs. no) 0·66 0·16-2·78 1·36 0·68-2·15 1·27 0·49-3·27 1·21 0·74-1·98 1·10 0·65-1·89 1·64 0·77-3·48 1·09 0·43-2·74 1·30 0·79-2·13
Pregnancy anemia (yes vs. no) 1·11 0·39-3·14 0·88 0·52-1·48 0·45 0·11-1·88 1·03 0·63-1·69 0·78 0·43-1·41 1·26 0·59-2·66 1·38 0·64-2·96 0·76 0·42-1·36
Gestational diabetes (yes vs. no) 1·00 0·13-7·96 1·29 0·62-2·72 1·35 0·40-4·53 1·20 0·51-2·83 1·07 0·33-3·52 1·37 0·58-3·26 2·00 0·58-6·91 1·05 0·45-2·46
Placental abruption (yes vs. no) 1·51 0·44-5·11 0·60 0·22-1·66 1·25 0·28-5·59 0·70 0·28-1·74 0·74 0·30-1·85 1·05 0·26-4·52 0·80 0·18-3·42 0·82 0·33-2·04
Placenta previa (yes vs. no) 1·43 0·32-6·29 0·73 0·26-2·01 0·70 0·09-5·39 0·91 0·36-2·27 1·13 0·48-2·65 NE NE 2·71 0·89-8·27 0·37 0·09-1·51
Preeclampsia/eclampsia (yes vs. no) 1·14 0·64-2·04 1·00 0·74-1·36 0·52 0·21-1·30 1·16 0·87-1·54 1·11 0·82-1·52 0·81 0·46-1·43 1·34 0·83-2·14 0·92 0·66-1·28
Postpartum hemorrhage (yes vs. no) 1·23 0·79-1·90 1·29 1·05-1·59 1·33 0·86-2·04 1·27 1·03-1·57 1·19 0·96-1·47 1·74 1·16-2·61 1·06 0·73-1·55 1·37 1·10-1·70
Neonatal conditions diagnosed in the first year after birth
Congenital hypothyroidism (yes vs. no) NE NE 3·64 1·16-11·4 NE NE 5·56 1·86-16·6 3·33 0·67-16·5 6·00 1·43-25·1 10·0 0·63-160 4·00 1·25-12·8
Neonatal jaundice (yes vs. no) 0·64 0·23-1·80 1·41 0·90-2·21 0·61 0·19-1·97 1·41 0·91-2·19 1·92 0·94-3·93 1·00 0·61-1·65 1·15 0·40-3·34 1·21 0·78-1·89
a

From conditional logistic regression models, conditioned on birth year (of the case), sex, country, and county of birth