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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Feb 10.
Published in final edited form as: Adv Immunol. 2019 Feb 11;141:105–164. doi: 10.1016/bs.ai.2019.01.001

Figure 6. The signaling balance between PI3Ks and PTEN controls AID expression and CSR.

Figure 6.

Signaling balance for CSR. PI3Ks catalyze the phosphorylation of PI(4,5)P2 and converts it into PIP3, whereas PTEN counteracts PI3Ks by converting PIP3 into PIP2. Increased PIP3 activates AKT which suppresses AID expression likely by regulating transcription factors FOXO1 and BLIMP-1. Reduced AID expression leads to a decreased level of CSR.