Table 3.

Prevalence of osteoporosis or osteopenia and low BMD at baseline in clinical studies of PrEP

Population	Sample size, n	Region	Prevalence, %	References
Osteoporosis or osteopenia
MSM and transgender women in a multinational studya	375b	Spine	27–29	[77]
		Hip	24–25
Low BMDc
MSM in the US	210	Spine	8.1	[78]
		Hip	2.4
		Femoral neck	0.5
		≥ 1 of the above	9.5
MSM and transgender women in a multinational studyd	498	Spine	12	[79]
		Hip	2
Heterosexual men and women in Botswana	220	Spine	3.6	[80]
		Arm	4.5
		≥ 1 of the above	6.8e
Heterosexual women in Uganda and Zimbabwe	518	Spine	5.8	[81]
		Hip	0.6

BMD bone mineral density, MSM men who have sex with men, PrEP pre-exposure prophylaxis

^aIncludes US, Canada, UK, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Germany, France, Austria, Ireland, and Denmark

^bBMD substudy included 375 participants out of the total number of 5387

^cDefined as a Z-score below − 2.0

^dIncludes US, Thailand, South Africa, Brazil, and Peru

^eMen, 11.3%; women, 2.6%