TBI does not produce escalation of alcohol self-administration in female rats in 10 days post-injury. Timeline for Expt. 1, in which behavioral data were collected and tissue was collected for western blot analysis (A). Following TBI, drinking animals underwent operant alcohol self-administration sessions every other day for 10 days (i.e., days 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 post-TBI; A). Number of alcohol rewards (B) are not different between Sham and TBI animals or between baseline and day 10. Alcohol intake (g/kg) shown as change from baseline (dashed line; C) did not change with time or between groups. Data were analyzed via repeated measures two-way ANOVA, n = 12–18/group. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. ANOVA, analysis of variance; EPM, elevated plus-maze; SEM, standard error of the mean; TBI, traumatic brain injury.