Table 2.

Inflammatory markers in PHH patients.

Result	Marker	Reference
↑↑	IL-6 IL-18 VEGF	[26, 35] [29, 30] [21, 40]
↑	CCL-3/MIP-1α CCL-19 CXCL-10/IP-10 HGF HMGB1 IL-1α IL-4 IL-12 L1CAM MMP-9 FasR sFas SP-G sRAGE TGF-β2 TIMP-1	[35] [35] [35] [40] [28] [35] [35] [35] [31] [26] [40] [23] [34] [24] [41] [26]
↓	TIMP-4 XCL-1	[26] [35]
→ →	TGF-β1	[21, 35]
→	CXCL-11 CXCL-12 IL-10 L-selectin SCF FasL sFasL TIMP-2	[35] [35] [35] [26] [40] [40] [30] [26]
Contr	CCL-2/MCP-1 IL-1β IL-8 IFN-γ TNF-α	[26, 35] [29, 35] [26, 35] [30, 35] [26, 35, 40]

↑↑ = most evidence: significantly increased in PHH patients in two or more studies, and maximum one study reports a contradictory result. ↑ = limited evidence: significantly increased in PHH patients in a single study. ↓ = limited evidence: significantly decreased in PHH patients in a single study. → → = most evidence: no significant difference in two or more studies, and maximum one study reports a contradictory result. → = no significant difference in a single study. Contr = contradicting results. Abbreviations: IL: interleukin; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; CCL: C-C motif chemokine ligand; MIP: macrophage inflammatory protein; CXCL: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand; IP: interferon gamma inducible protein; HGF: hepatocyte growth factor; HMGB1: high-mobility group box 1; L1CAM: L1 cell adhesion molecule; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; FasR: Fas receptor; sFas: soluble Fas; SP-G: surfactant protein-G; sRAGE: soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products; TGF: transforming growth factor; TIMP: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases; XCL: X-C motif chemokine ligand; SCF: stem cell factor; FasL: Fas ligand; sFasL: soluble fas ligand; MCP: monocyte chemoattractant protein; IFN: interferon; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.