FIGURE 7.

Effects of levo‐tetrahydropalmatine on the ECM synthesis, autophagy and PPARγ/NF‐κB and TGF‐β1/Smad pathway in LX2 cells in vitro: (A) Cell viability after L‐THP treatment in quiescent and activated LX2 cells (n = 3). B, C & D, The protein expressions of Col‐1, α‐SMA, TIMP1, MMP2, Beclin1, LC3, P62, PPARγ, NF‐κB, IκBα, TGF‐β1, Smad3 and p‐Smad3 were detected by Western Blotting. E, The mRNA expressions of α‐SMA, Beclin1, LC3, PPARγ, NF‐κB and TGF‐β1 were detected by PCR analysis. Data are expressed as means ± SD (n = 3, ⁺ P < .05 for TGF‐β1‐treated group versus Control group; ^#P for L‐THP‐treated group vs TGF‐β1‐treated group)