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. 2021 Feb 10;11:3458. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82792-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Antioxidants and hormones cooperatively promoted in vitro rat spermatogenesis. (A) The time course of cVenus expression area ratio of 4 groups was shown in a line graph. The culture medium of control group was αMEM + AlbuMAX (20 mg/mL). n = 7 (P4 and P7). Statistical significance; **P < 0.01. *P < 0.05. (B) Photos of cultured tissues at week 6. Scale bar; 1 mm. (C) PAS staining histological pictures of cultured tissues at 4 and 6 weeks. White and red arrowheads indicate leptotene/zygotene and pachytene spermatocytes, respectively. Magnified images are shown in 2nd and bottom row. Scale bar; 50 µm (top and 3rd row). Scale bar; 10 µm (2nd and bottom row).