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. 2021 Feb 10;11:3449. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82589-3

Table 1.

Comparative analysis of the monitoring methods already proposed to fulfil the effectiveness criteriaa.

Methodologies Fixation Methods Requirements
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Vibrometric Cementless Ext. mechanical excitation–ext. mechanical output
Ext. magnetic induction–ext. mechanical output
Int. mechanical excitation–ext. mechanical output
Cemented Ext. mechanical excitation–ext. mechanical output
Ext. mechanical excitation–int. mechanical output
Acoustic Cementless Ext. mechanical excitation–ext. acoustic signal
Int. mechanical excitation–ext. acoustic output
Ext. magnetic induction–ext. acoustic output
Cemented Ext. mechanical excitation–ext. acoustic output
Int. mechanical excitation–ext. acoustic output
Int. mechanical excitation–int. acoustic output
Ext. acoustic excitation–ext. acoustic output
Bioelectric impedance Cementless Ext. current excitation–ext. voltage output
Magnetic induction Cementless Ext. magnetic induction excitation–ext. magnetic induction output
Strain Cementless Int. mechanical loading excitation–int. deformation output
Int. mechanical loading output–int. deformation output
Cosurface capacitance Cementless Int. voltage excitation–int. capacitance output

aTerminology: Int.—intracorporeal; Ext.—extracorporeal.