Table 1.
Patient characteristics by survival status and by group.
| Characteristics | Alive (n = 129) | Dead (n = 35) | p-value | Group A 0–4 h (n = 104) |
Group B 4.1–8 h (n = 28) |
Group C 8.1–12 h (n = 6) |
Group D 12.1 + h (n = 26) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agea, years | 56.8 ± 14.1 | 59.4 ± 13.9 | 0.3869 | 57.4 ± 13.8 | 56.1 ± 15.2 | 58.0 ± 11.5 | 58.2 ± 15.0 | 0.9045 |
| Body Mass Indexa | 29.4 ± 5.8 | 30.4 ± 4.7 | 0.2688 | 29.71 ± 6.0 | 31.2 ± 4.6 | 30.4 ± 5.6 | 27.6 ± 4.4 | 0.1031 |
| Gender | 0.232 | 0.689 | ||||||
| Male | 80 (62.0) | 26 (74.3) | 66 (63.5) | 18 (64.3) | 3 (50.0) | 19 (73.1) | ||
| Female | 4 (38.0) | 9 (25.7) | 38 (36.5) | 10 (35.7) | 3 (50.0) | 7 (26.9) | ||
| Race | 0.068 | 0.194 | ||||||
| White | 105 (81.4) | 23 (65.7) | 84 (80.8) | 22 (78.6) | 6 (100.0) | 16 (61.5) | ||
| Black | 17 (13.2) | 10 (28.6) | 16 (15.4) | 3 (10.7) | 0 | 8 (30.8) | ||
| Other | 7 (5.4) | 2 (5.7) | 4 (3.8) | 3 (10.7) | 0 | 2 (7.7) | ||
| Tobacco use | 62 (48.1) | 13 (37.1) | 0.339 | 41 (39.4) | 14 (50.0) | 3 (50.0) | 17 (65.4) | 0.108 |
| Hypertension | 51 (39.5) | 13 (37.1) | 0.847 | 39 (37.5) | 1 (42.9) | 4 (66.7) | 9 (34.6) | 0.487 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 13 (10.1) | 2 (5.7) | 0.338 | 9 (8.7) | 2 (7.4) | 1 (16.7) | 3 (11.5) | 0.679 |
| COPD | 11 (8.5) | 5 (14.3) | 0.235 | 8 (7.7) | 2 (7.4) | 1 (16.7) | 5 (19.2) | 0.245 |
| CKD | 6 (4.7) | 5 (14.3) | 0.058 | 3 (2.9) | 1 (3.6) | 0 | 7 (26.9) | 0.001 |
| Dialysis | 2 (1.6) | 2 (5.7) | 0.200 | 1 (1.0) | 0 | 0 | 3 (11.5) | 0.047 |
| Diabetes | 15 (11.6) | 4 (11.4) | 0.620 | 10 (9.6) | 6 (21.4) | 2 (33.3) | 1 (3.9) | 0.055 |
| CAD | 12 (9.3) | 5 (14.3) | 0.282 | 8 (7.7) | 6 (21.4) | 0 | 3 (11.5) | 0.201 |
| Liver disease | 1 (0.8) | 0 | > 0.999 | 0 | 1 (3.6) | 0 | 0 | 0.366 |
| Marfan’s | 2 (1.6) | 1 (2.9) | 0.516 | 2 (1.9) | 1 (3.6) | 0 | 0 | 0.748 |
| Loeys-Dietz | 1 (0.8) | 0 | > 0.999 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (3.9) | 0.195 |
| Stroke/Transient Ischemic Attack | 11 (8.5) | 7 (20.0) | 0.068 | 8 (7.7) | 4 (14.3) | 2 (33.3) | 4 (15.4) | 0.117 |
| Prior sternotomy | 6 (4.7) | 3 (8.6) | 0.404 | 4 (3.9) | 0 | 0 | 5 (19.2) | 0.022 |
| Presentation | ||||||||
| Tamponade | 5 (3.9) | 5 (14.3) | 0.037 | 8 (7.7) | 1 (3.6) | 0 | 1 (3.9) | 0.863 |
| Myocardial Infarction | 5 (3.9) | 1 (2.9) | > 0.999 | 4 (3.9) | 0 | 1 (16.7) | 1 (3.9) | 0.266 |
| Aortic Insufficiency | 21 (16.3) | 3 (8.6) | 0.417 | 19 (18.3) | 3 (10.7) | 0 | 2 (7.7) | 0.442 |
| Cardiogenic Shock | 5 (3.9) | 4 (11.4) | 0.098 | 8 (7.7) | 1 (3.6) | 0 | 0 | 0.623 |
| Cardiac Arrest | 0 | 2 (5.7) | 0.045 | 1 (1.0) | 1 (3.6) | 0 | 0 | 0.599 |
| Malperfusion | 12 (9.3) | 8 (22.9) | 0.041 | 11 (10.6) | 4 (14.3) | 2 (33.3) | 3 (11.5) | 0.340 |
| Upper Extremity | 2 (1.6) | 0 | > 0.999 | 1 (1.0) | 0 | 0 | 1 (3.9) | 0.381 |
| Lower Extremity | 10 (7.8) | 6 (17.1) | 0.112 | 9 (8.7) | 4 (14.3) | 1 (16.7) | 2 (7.7) | 0.535 |
| Mesenteric | 2 (1.6) | 5 (14.3) | 0.005 | 3 (2.9) | 2 (7.4) | 1 (16.7) | 1 (3.9) | 0.191 |
| Cerebral | 1 (0.8) | 0 | > 0.999 | 1 (1.0) | 0 | 0 | 0 | > 0.999 |
| Creatininea, mg/dL | 1.2 ± 0.8 | 1.8 ± 1.7 | 0.0001 | 1.2 ± 1.0 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 1.8 ± 1.8 | 0.7195 |
| Hematocrita, % | 38.0 ± 6.0 | 37.8 ± 6.9 | 0.9301 | 38.7 ± 5.0 | 39.8 ± 6.1 | 39.3 ± 4.1 | 32.7 ± 8.1 | 0.001 |
| Symptom onset interval | ||||||||
| Symptom Onset to Presentationb, hours | 3.2 (4.4) | 4.2 (4.6) | 14.0 (19.9) | 11.0 (64.1) | 0.0001 | |||
| Symptom Onset to Diagnosisb, hours | 3.2 (5.0) | 6.8 (7.8) | 26.4 (64.6) | 12.1 (49.8) | 0.0001 | |||
| Symptom Onset to Interventionb, hours | 3.9 (4.6) | 8.3 (6.9) | 33.8 (58.5) | 54.5 (118.2) | 0.0001 | |||
Values are expressed as number (%) unless otherwise indicated. a, mean ± standard deviation; b, median (interquartile range); COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CAD, coronary artery disease.