Table 2.
Effects of cannabinoids on inflammasome proteins.
| Cannabinoids | Inflammasome signaling | Effect observed | In vitro and/or in vivo model | Possible mechanism of action | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Δ9-THC | IL-1β | Potentiation of Δ9-THC-induced catalepsy by IL-1β | Female BALB/c mice | Unknown/not established | (186) |
| Caspase-1 | Induction of apoptosis | Cultured murine immune cells | Modulation of caspase activity | (187) | |
| pro-IL-1β and caspase-1 | Inhibition of monocyte/astrocyte interactions | Human astrocyte/monocyte co-culture | CB2 activation induced autophagy | (188) | |
| IL-1β | Reduction of inflammatory cytokine IL-1β | Monocytes from patients with inflammatory arthritis | Not studied | (189) | |
| IL-1β | Inhibition of IL-1β and NF-κB after LPS stimulation | Human osteosarcoma cells MG-63 | CB2 activation | (190) | |
| IL-1β | Reduction of IL-1β and anti-inflammatory activity | Adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats | Not established | (191) | |
| Δ8-THC | Caspase-1 | Cytotoxicity | Mouse macrophage J774-1 cells | CB2 receptor and p38 MAPK dependent | (192) |
| Δ9-THCV | IL-1β | Inhibition of LPS-induced IL-1β release | Murine peritoneal macrophages | CB2 activation and not CB1 | (193) |
| CBD | Caspase-1, and IL-18 | Reduction of mRNA and protein levels of caspase-1 and IL-18 | Human gingival mesenchymal stem cells | Inhibition of NF-κB and NLRP3 | (194) |
| Caspase-1, ASC, and IL-1β | Protection of liver from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis | High-fat, high-cholesterol (HFC) diet C57BL/6J mice and RAW264.7 murine macrophages | Inhibition of NF-κB and NLRP3 pathway | (195) | |
| IL-1β | Inhibition of neuroinflammation via reducing IL-1β | LPS-stimulated murine microglia | Independent of CB1 and CB2 | (196, 197) | |
| IL-1β | Anti-inflammatory action in Abeta evoked neuro-inflammation | Mice injected with human Abeta (1–42) peptide | Not studied | (198) | |
| IL-1β | Anti-inflammatory action via reducing IL-1β levels | Murine model of colitis | Unknown | (199) | |
| IL-1β | Anti-inflammatory role by the inhibition of IL-1β | Viral model of multiple sclerosis in female SJL/J mice | Not established | (200) | |
| Ajulemic acid | IL-1β | Inhibition of inflammation by reducing IL-1β levels | Monocytes from patients with inflammatory arthritis | Selective CB2 receptor agonism | (189) |
| JD5037 | IL-1β, IL-18, caspase-1 | Inhibition of IL-1β, IL-18 release and caspase-1 activity promoting normoglycemia | Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats | Peripheral CB1 receptor inverse agonism leading to NLRP3 inflammasome deactivation | (201) |
| HU‐308 | IL-1β, caspase-1 | Anti-inflammatory effect by decreasing IL-1β production and caspase-1 activity | Mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis | Selective CB2 blockade leading to autophagy-mediated inhibition of NLRP3 | (202) |
| AJ5012 | IL-1β, caspase-1 | Suppression of adipose tissue inflammation by inhibition of IL-1β levels and caspase-1 activity | Diet-induced obese (DIO) and leptin receptor–deficient C57BL/6J mice | Peripheral CB1 receptor antagonism-mediated inhibition of NLRP3 pathway | (203) |
| Rimonabant | IL-1β | Reduction of inflammation in atherosclerosis by decreasing IL-1β | LDL receptor–deficient mice | Selective CB1 receptor antagonism | (204) |
| JWH-133 and HU-308 | IL-1β and caspase-1 | Decreased serum IL-1β and IL-1β mRNA and lower caspase-1 activity-anti-inflammatory and improved cardiac function | Surgically induced myocardial infarction (MI) mice | Selective CB2 receptor agonism-stimulated NLRP3 suppression | (205) |
| AM1241 | IL-1β and caspase-1 | Anti-inflammatory potential via reduced IL-1β and matured caspase-1 protein expressions | Rat macrophagic NR8383 cells treated with complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) | Selective CB2 agonism-mediated NLRP3 suppression | (206) |
| HU-308 | IL-1β and caspase-1 | Anti-inflammatory actions via reduced levels of IL-1β and matured caspase-1 | LPS/DSS-induced in vitro colitis model of freshly isolated murine macrophages | Selective CB2 blockade leading to autophagy-mediated inhibition of NLRP3 | (207) |