Table 2.

Camel welfare indicators were selected by researchers for the principles of good health and appropriate behavior.

Principles	Welfare criteria	Welfare indicators
		Caretaker level	Herd level	Animal level
Good health	Absence of injuries	Camel injury observed	Animals injured Type of injury	Injury Scar Swollen Joint Lameness
	Absence of disease	Camel disease observed Camel health check Medical treatments	Sick animals Type of disease	Disease Hair coat conditions Ectoparasites Discharge Diarrhea Abnormal udder Abnormal breathing Coughing
	Absence of pain and pain induced by management procedures	Caretaker's ability to identify pain	Animals in pain Animals with a nose-ring, cauterizations and wounds from halters or similar	Evident pain
Appropriate behavior	Expression of social behavior		Social behavior Aggressive behavior	Social interaction
	Expression of other behavior	Camel behavioral problems observed	Stereotypies Other abnormal behaviors	Stereotypies Other abnormal behaviors
	Good human-animal relationship	Experience in camel handling		Approaching test
		Caretaker's skills in identifying distress
		Caretaker's knowledge of animal welfare
	Positive emotional state			Behavior repertoire

The indicators were divided according to welfare criteria and source of information (Caretaker level: indicators collected through an interview of the caretakers; Herd level: indicators collected by a direct evaluation of a group of animals and their pen/box; Animal level: indicators collected by a direct evaluation of individual camels).