Figure 1.

Schematic representation of the photosynthesis performance under abiotic stresses (heat, drought, and salinity). Drought and heat stress down-regulate enzymatic activity and electron transport chain (ETC) and cause membrane rupture, low CO₂ solubility, leaf senescence, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. On the other hand, salinity causes ion toxicity, membrane disruption, reduced stomatal conductance, lower quantum yield of PSII, slow electron transport, and reduced activity of photosynthesis related enzymes.