Table 2.
Study characteristics of included studies, muscle mass measurements, and the effect of the intervention group compared with the control group
| Author (year) | Population | Intervention group |
Control group |
Muscle mass |
Effect |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | No.a | Age (years) ± SD | Female, No. (%) | No.a | Age (years) ± SD | Female, No. (%) | Method | Measure | Unit | MDb | P | ||
| AAs | |||||||||||||
| Dal Negro et al (2010)30 | Outpatients with COPD and sarcopenia | AAs | 16 | 75 ± 7 | 2 (12.5) | 16 | 75 ± 7 | 5 (31.3) | BIA | LMBI | kg/m2 | 1.360 | 0.09 |
| Dal Negro et al (2012)31 | Outpatients with COPD | AAs | 44 | 75 ± 5 | 12 (27.3) | 44 | 73 ± 8 | 15 (34.1) | BIA | LMBI | kg/m2 | 1.360 | 0.1 |
| Leenders et al (2011)32 | Community-dwelling with T2D | AAs | 29 | 71 ±1 | 0 | 28 | 71 ± 1 | 0 | DXA | LM | kg | 0.100 | NS |
| Malaguarnera et al (2007)33 | Community-dwelling, centenarians | AAs | 32 | 101 ± 1.3 | 22 (68.8) | 34 | 101 ± 1.4 | 23 (67.6) | BIA | FFM | kg | 3.000 | < 0.01 |
| Verhoeven et al (2009)34 | Community-dwelling, healthy | AAs | 15 | 71 ± 4c,d | 0 | 14 | 71 ± 4c,d | 0 | DXA | LM | kg | 0.000 | NS |
| Creatine | |||||||||||||
| Gotshalk et al. (2002)35 | Community-dwelling, healthy | CR | 10 | 65.4 ± 1.5 | 0 | 8 | 65.7 ± 2.0 | 0 | Hydrodensitometry | FFM | kg | 2.220 | < 0.05 |
| Marinari et al (2013)36 | Community-dwelling patients with COPD with CRF | CR | 30 | 73.2 ± 8.7 | NA | 25 | 73.9 ± 7.7 | NA | BIA | FFMI | kg/m2 | 4.300 | < 0.001 |
| Rawson et al (1999)37 | Community-dwelling, healthy | CR | 10 | 66.7 ± 1.9e | 0 | 10 | 66.9 ± 2.2e | 0 | Hydrodensitometry | FFM | kg | 0.500 | NS |
| HMB | |||||||||||||
| Baier et al(2009)38 | Community-dwelling and institutionalized | HMB | 40 | 75.4 ± 1.54 | 19 (47.5) | 37 | 76.2 ± 1.6 | 20 (54.0) | DXA | LM | kg | 0.380 | 0.05 |
| Deutz et al(2013)39 | Community-dwelling, healthy | HMB | 10 | 67.4 ± 1.4 | 8 (72.7) | 8 | 67.1 ± 1.7 | 7 (87.5) | DXA | LM | kg | 1.870 | 0.02 |
| Flakoll et al(2004)40 | Community-dwelling and institutionalized | HMB | 27 | 77.7 ± 1.5 | 27 (100) | 23 | 75.7 ± 1.6 | 23 (100) | BIA | FFM | kg | 0.700 | 0.08 |
| Protein | |||||||||||||
| Aleman-Mateo et al (2012)41 | Community-dwelling, healthy with sarcopenia | Protein | 20 | 75.4 ± 5.0 | 12 (60) | 20 | 76.7 ± 5.8 | 11 (55) | DXA | ALM | kg | 0.100 | 0.54 |
| Aleman-Mateo et al (2014)42 | Community-dwelling, healthy | Protein | 50 | 70.8 ± 7.6 | 25 (50) | 50 | 69.6 ± 6.4 | 25 (50) | DXA | ALM | kg | –0.200 | 0.009 |
| Bos et al(2000)43 | Hospitalized malnourished patients | Protein | 17 | 80 ± 7 | 10 (58.8) | 6 | 76 ± 6 | 3 (50) | DXA | ALM | kg | 0.500 | NS |
| Flodin et al(2015)44 | Hospitalized patients with hip fracture | Protein | 26 | 81 ± 8 | 19 (73) | 28 | 80 ± 9 | 18 (64) | DXA | ALM | kg | –0.380 | NS |
| Ha et al(2010)f,45 | Hospitalized patients with acute stroke at nutritional risk | Protein | 58 | 78.5 ± 7.4 | 33 (57) | 66 | 79.7 ± 6.8 | 31 (47) | BIS | LTM | kg | 0.099 | NS |
| Kerstetter et al (2015)46 | Community-dwelling | Protein | 106 | 69.9 ± 6.1 | 89 (84.0) | 102 | 70.5 ± 6.4 | 89 (87.3) | DXA | LM | kg | 0.500 | NS |
| Lauque et al(2004)47 | Hospitalized patients with AD, at risk of malnutrition | Protein | 37 | 79.5 ± 6.0 | NA | 43 | 78.1 ± 4.8 | NA | DXA | AFFM | kg | 0.030 | NS |
| Tieland et al (2012)48 | Community-dwelling with prefrailty or frailty | Protein | 34 | 78 ± 1 | 20 (58.8) | 31 | 81 ± 1 | 16 (51.6) | DXA | LM | kg | 0.100 | NS |
| Zhu et al(2015)49 | Community-dwelling, healthy, postmenopausal | Protein | 93 | 74.2 ± 2.8 | 93 (100) | 88 | 74.3 ± 2.6 | 88 (100) | DXA | ALM | kg | –0.060 | NS |
| Protein with AAs | |||||||||||||
| Bauer et al(2015)50 | Community-dwelling with sarcopenia | Protein + AAs | 184 | 77.3 ± 6.7 | 120 (65.2) | 196 | 78.1 ± 7.0 | 129 (65.8) | DXA | ALM | kg | 0.170 | 0.045 |
| Bonnefoy et al (2010)51 | Hospitalized acute patients with malnutrition and catabolic state | Protein + AAs | 15 | 82.5 ± 8.2 | 9 (61.5) | 15 | 79.4 ± 6.7 | 9 (57.1) | Deuterium dilution | FFM | kg | –0.700 | NS |
| Chanet et al(2017)52 | Community-dwelling, healthy | Protein + AAs | 12 | 70.3 ± 4.3 | 0 | 12 | 70.8 ± 3.5 | 0 | DXA | ALM | kg | 0.370 | 0.035 |
| Kemmler et al (2017)53 | Community-dwelling with sarcopenic obesity | Protein + AAs | 33 | 78.1±5.1 | 0 | 34 | 76.9 ± 5.1 | 0 | BIA | SMI | kg/m2 | 0.016 | 0.009 |
| Protein and other | |||||||||||||
| Bell et al(2017)54 | Community-dwelling, healthy | Protein + other | 25 | 71 ± 1 | 0 | 24 | 74 ± 1 | 0 | DXA | tLM | kg | 0.100 | < 0.05 |
| Cramer et al(2016)55 | Community-dwelling with sarcopenia and malnutrition | Protein + other | 101 | Median, 77 (IQR, 71–81) | 63 (62) | 83 | Median, 77 (IQR, 71–81) | 51 (62) | DXA | legMM | kg | 0.140 | NS |
| PUFAs | |||||||||||||
| Krzyminska-Siemaszko et al (2015)56 | Community-dwelling at risk of or with low muscle mass | PUFAs | 30 | 75.0 ± 8.23 | 19 (63) | 20 | 74.9 ± 7.49 | 14 (70) | BIA | SMM | kg | 0.020 | 0.99 |
| Logan et al(2015)57 | Community-dwelling, healthy | PUFAs | 12 | 66 ±1a | 12 (100) | 12 | 66 ± 1a | 12 (100) | BIA | LM | kg | 1.200 | NS |
| Smith et al(2015)58 | Community-dwelling, healthy | PUFAs | 29 | 68 ± 5 | 19 (66) | 15 | 69 ± 7 | 10 (67) | MRI | TMV | cm3 | 3.600 | < 0.05 |
Sample sizes are presented after participant drop out, as the sample used in analysis.
Mean difference defined as the mean change of muscle mass in the intervention group minus the mean change of muscle mass in the control group.
Age was only presented for the total sample and not reported for the intervention and control groups separately.
Presented as mean with SEM.
Presented as mean with SE. Age in years is presented as mean ± SD unless indicated otherwise.
Male and female subgroups were pooled and a mean change value for both groups was obtained. Sample sizes for each group were combined.
Abbreviations : AA, amino acid; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; AFFM, appendicular fat-free mass; ALM, appendicular lean mass; BIA, bioelectrical impedance analysis; BIS, bioimpedance spectroscopy; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CR, creatine; CRF, chronic respiratory failure; CV, cardiovascular; DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; FFM, fat-free mass; FFMI, fat-free mass index; HMB, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate; IQR, interquartile range; legMM, leg muscle mass; LM, lean mass; LMBI, lean body mass index; LTM, lean tissue mass; MD, mean differences; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NA, not available; NS, not significant; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SMI, skeletal mass index; SMM, skeletal muscle mass; tLM, trunk lean mass; TMV, thigh muscle volume; T2D, type II diabetes.