Fig. 12.

The in vivo results of copper-containing antibacterial stainless steel [246], copyright 2015, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (Wiley Company). (a) Surgical procedures and set-up of the biomechanical push-out test. Black arrows show the implant positions (b) Immunohistochemical staining of TNF-α of bone tissue around the implants. Brown color represents positive staining and “I” the implant location. (c) Micro-CT images and Micro-CT 3D reconstruction models after 15 days of postoperation. (d, e) Bone volume, bone mineral density of the bones formed around 317L SS and Cu-SS implants. (f) Average maximum push-out forces of 317L SS and Cu-SS implants after 15 days of implantation obtained by biomechanical push-out test. (g) Histological photographs of Giemsa stained bone tissue formed around the implants.