Table 14.

Antibacterial pure Mg and Mg based alloys.

Alloy system	Bacteria (antibacterial rate)
Pure Mg	E. coli (>99.9% after 6 h [346], planktonic bacteria: 58.3% [355]/59.9% [356] and on the surface: 59.4% [355]/70.3% [356], <5% [72], No [345,347]); S. aureus (>99.9% after 6 h [346], 80% after 12 h and 100% after 24 h [357], 100% after 72 h in the environment of normal pH values and no antibacterial effect in the neutral environment [358], planktonic bacteria: 50.3% [355]/34.5% [356] and on the surface: 51% [355]/60.7% [356], both in vitro and in vivo [351], No [345,352]); P. aeruginosa (both in vitro and in vivo [352], No [345]); MRSA (planktonic bacteria: 68.9% and on the surface: 62.8% [350], in vivo [72,350], <10% [72], No [359]); C. albicans (>98% [346], about 90% [353]) S. epidermidis(planktonic bacteria: 50.8% [355]/37.7% [356] and on the surface: 49.8% [355]/56.8% [356], <5% [72]) S. aureus: S. epidermidis = 1:1 (49.7% after 15 h [360])
AZ31	S. aureus (>99.9% after 6 h [346]); E. coli (>99.9% after 6 h [346], No [347])
AZ91	A. baumannii (>99.9% after 18 h in vitro, in vivo [361]);
Mg–4Y	E.coli [347]
Mg–Ga	E. coli (planktonic bacteria: 51.8%; on the surface: 67.8%) [356]; S. aureus (planktonic bacteria: 48.3%; on the surface: 63.0%) [356]; S. epidermidis (planktonic bacteria: 46.5%; on the surface: 63.9%) [356]
Mg-xCu	S. aureus (100% [362], 100% after 12 h [353], 100% after 72 h both in the normal pH values and neutral environment [358]); E. coli (about 33%- > 90%), S. epidermids, and MRSA (>90%) [72]; C. albicans (>99.9% [353])
Mg-xAg	S. aureus: S. epidermidis = 1:1 (72.5%–83.5% after 15 h [87], 81.4%->95% after 15 h [360]);
Mg–3Zn	E. coli and S. aureus [363,364]
Mg-xSr	E.coli (planktonic bacteria: 48.0% and on the surface: 63.5% [356]); S. aureus (80% after 12 h and 100% after 24 h [357], planktonic bacteria: 29.1% and on the surface: 59.1% [356]) S.epidermidis (planktonic bacteria: 35.6% and on the surface: 58.7% [356])
Mg–3Zn-xAg	E. coli and S. aureus [363,364]
Mg–2Zn-0.5Ca	MRSA [359]
Mg–4Zn–1Sr	MRSA [359]
Mg–Ca–Sr	E. coli (planktonic bacteria: 53.1%, on the surface:66.5% [356]); S. aureus (>90% [354], planktonic bacteria: 40.9%, on the surface: 64.0% [356]); S. epidermidis (planktonic bacteria:44.9%; on the surface: 68.0%) [356]
Mg–1Ca-0.5Sr-xZn	S. aureus (76.9%- > 96.6%) [354]
Mg-Nd-Zn-Zr	E. coli (planktonic bacteria: 59.4%–83.1%; on the surface: 74.8%–94.8%) [355]; S. aureus (planktonic bacteria: 51%–79.1%; on the surface: 74.2%–88.4%) [355]; S. epidermidis (planktonic bacteria:49.8%–79.8%; on the surface:69.5%–89.5%) [355]
Mg–Zn–Y-Nd-xAg	E. coli and S. aureus (both > 99.9% [365], No [19])
Mg–Zn–Y-Nd-xCu	E. coli and S. aureus (both > 99.9%) [366]
Mg–Ca–Mn–Zn-xAg	E. coli and S. aureus [367]

Note: 24 h incubation on the surface as default.

“No” means no antibacterial rate is shown in the literature.