Table 5.

Antibacterial stainless steels.

Alloy system	Alloy	Bacteria (antibacterial rate[Ref.])
Ferritic stainless steel	430-1.8Cu	S. aureus, E. coli, B. coil, C. albicans, S. epidermis, S. lutea, S. fexneri and P. aeruginosa (all > 99% [199,201]); B. subilis (80% [199]); S. marcescens, B. pumilus, E. faecalis (98.2%, 97.7%, 91.0%, respectively [201])
Austenitic stainless steel	304-xCu (x = 1.5–5.5, 9,18 wt%)	S. aureus (23.4%–99.9% [199,203,204]); E. coli (20%–99.9% [[204], [205], [206], [207]]); B. coil (10.6%–99% [200]); C. albicans, S. epidermis, S. lutea, S. fexneriand P. aeruginosa (all ≥ 99% [199,201]); P. gingivalis (100% after 12 h [16]); B. subilis(80% [199]); S. marcescens, B. pumilus, E. faecalis (99.5%, 92.4%, 93.6%, respectively [201]); planktonic bacteria in Tap Water (33.3%, 96%, 76.7% at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h [208])
	304-xAg (x = 0.039–0.3 wt%)	E. coli (70.8–99.9% [209]); S. aureus (99.7%–99.9% [209]); P. sp [210]
	304-xCe (x = 0.01–3.25 wt%)	E. coli (12.3–99.0% [108]); S. aureus (74.0%–99.4% [108])
	316-xCu (x = 2.46–4.5 wt%)	S. aureus (95.2%–99.9% [211,212]); E. coli (25%–99% [[211], [212], [213]]); S. epidermidis (94.1% [212])
	316L-xLa (x = 0.05–0.42 wt%)	S. aureus (15%–99.6% [147]); E. coli (9%–99.9% [147])
	317-4.5Cu	E. coli (99.9% in vitro and in vivo [214], 92.7% in the artificial urine for 24 h and 90.3% in the human urine for 6 h [215]); S. aureus (99.0% [32,214,216], in vivo [214])
Martensitic stainless steel	410-xCu (x = 1.52–4.74 wt%)	E. coli (96–99.99% [217])
	420-xCu (x = 0.4–5 wt%)	S. aureus (35.4%–99.9% [197,198,[218], [219], [220]]); E. coli (43.6%–99.9% [218])
	Cr17Ni4–Cu (x = 3.4–5.06 wt%)	S. aureus (82%–99% [221])
Duplex stainless steels	200-xCu (x = 1.45–3.57 wt%)	S. aureus (42.8%–93.6% [202,222]); E. coli (56.1%–97.1% [202,222])
	2205-0.2Ag	E. coli (100% [223]), S. aureus (99.6% [223])
	2205–3.02Cu	P. aeruginosa (33.1% [224], 99.5% [225])
	Cr26Ni5Mo2-3.17Cu-0.07Ag	E. coli (>99% at 3 h and 6 h [226])

Note: 24 h incubation as default.