Table 9.

In vivo results of antibacterial Ti–Cu alloy.

Year	Ti–Cu alloy	Animal model	In vivo results	[Ref.]
2009	Ti–1Cu Ti–5Cu (No machining and treatment process)	Japanese white rabbits	1) Ti-1% Cu alloy significantly inhibited inflammation and infection. 2) The osteoid formations on Ti-1% Cu alloy was excellent as well as pure titanium, but was diminished in Ti-5% Cu alloy. 3) The postoperative blood copper level was not significantly different from preoperative.	[17]
2015	Ti–10Cu (Powder metallurgy)	New Zealand white rabbits	Ti–10Cu alloy had as good bone biocompatibility as cp-Ti, which brought no toxicity to the surrounding cell and tissue and no delayed to bone healing.	[251]
2018	Ti–5Cu (850 °C/2 h/furnace cooling	Beagles	Ti–Cu implant not only effectively reduced the bone resorption but also stimulated the new bone formation compared to Ti.	[255]
2019	Ti–10Cu (Powder metallurgy)	New Zealand white rabbits	Ti–Cu alloy exhibited strong in vivo antibacterial properties while serious infection, inflammation and fester were observed in the cp-Ti.	[195]