Table 1. Patient and hospital characteristics of hospitalizations for bacterial pneumonia by PEM.
Variable | PEM % | Without PEM % | p-value |
N= 1,236,109 | n= 86,585 (7.0) | n= 1,149,524 (93.0) | |
Patient characteristics | |||
Age, mean years | 71.8 | 68.4 | <0.001 |
Women | 51.0 | 53.3 | <0.001 |
Racial distribution | <0.001 | ||
White | 71.0 | 71.8 | |
Black | 12.2 | 11.8 | |
Hispanic | 7.2 | 7.9 | |
Others | 9.6 | 8.5 | |
Insurance type | <0.001 | ||
Medicaid | 75.7 | 69.2 | |
Medicare | 10.4 | 10.9 | |
Private | 12.3 | 16.9 | |
Uninsured | 1.6 | 3.0 | |
Charlson Comorbidity Index score | <0.001 | ||
0 | 10.3 | 17.3 | |
1 | 22.0 | 25.7 | |
2 | 19.6 | 19.5 | |
≥3 | 48.1 | 37.5 | |
Median annual income in patient’s zip code, US$# | 0.013 | ||
1-43,999 | 33.4 | 33.1 | |
44,000-55,999 | 26.6 | 28.0 | |
56,000-73,999 | 22.7 | 22.1 | |
≥74,000 | 17.2 | 16.8 | |
Co-morbidities | |||
Hypertension | 36.1 | 42.6 | <0.001 |
Diabetes | 24.0 | 31.6 | <0.001 |
Smoking history | 43.2 | 42.0 | 0.004 |
CHF | 25.9 | 25.0 | 0.010 |
CKD | 18.8 | 16.9 | <0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 31.6 | 37.4 | <0.001 |
Chronic IHD | 24.4 | 25.4 | 0.004 |
Prior CVA | 3.7 | 2.6 | <0.001 |
COPD | 37.5 | 31.5 | <0.001 |
Oxygen dependent | 10.6 | 8.6 | <0.001 |
History of malignancy | 24.8 | 12.0 | <0.001 |
Anemia | 46.8 | 27.1 | <0.001 |
Hospital characteristics | |||
Hospital region | <0.001 | ||
Northeast | 15.5 | 17.9 | |
Midwest | 25.1 | 24.3 | |
South | 40.1 | 41.9 | |
West | 19.3 | 15.9 | |
Hospital bed size | <0.001 | ||
Small | 22.1 | 27.1 | |
Medium | 30.4 | 30.3 | |
Large | 47.5 | 42.6 | |
Urban location | 85.7 | 80.1 | <0.001 |
Teaching hospital | 57.1 | 50.9 | <0.001 |