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. 2021 Jan 12;13(1):e12645. doi: 10.7759/cureus.12645

Table 1. Patient and hospital characteristics of hospitalizations for bacterial pneumonia by PEM.

#: for 2017. CHF: Congestive heart failure, CKD: Chronic kidney disease, COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CVA: Cerebrovascular accident, IHD: Ischemic heart disease, PEM: Protein-energy malnutrition

Variable PEM % Without PEM %  p-value
N= 1,236,109 n= 86,585 (7.0) n= 1,149,524 (93.0)  
Patient characteristics      
Age, mean years 71.8 68.4 <0.001
Women 51.0 53.3 <0.001
Racial distribution     <0.001
White 71.0 71.8  
Black 12.2 11.8  
Hispanic 7.2 7.9  
Others 9.6 8.5  
Insurance type     <0.001
Medicaid 75.7 69.2  
Medicare 10.4 10.9  
Private 12.3 16.9  
Uninsured 1.6 3.0  
Charlson Comorbidity Index score   <0.001
0 10.3 17.3  
1 22.0 25.7  
2 19.6 19.5  
≥3 48.1 37.5  
Median annual income in patient’s zip code, US$#   0.013
1-43,999 33.4 33.1  
44,000-55,999 26.6 28.0  
56,000-73,999 22.7 22.1  
≥74,000 17.2 16.8  
Co-morbidities    
Hypertension 36.1 42.6 <0.001
Diabetes 24.0 31.6 <0.001
Smoking history 43.2 42.0 0.004
CHF 25.9 25.0 0.010
CKD 18.8 16.9 <0.001
Dyslipidemia 31.6 37.4 <0.001
Chronic IHD 24.4 25.4 0.004
Prior CVA 3.7 2.6 <0.001
COPD 37.5 31.5 <0.001
Oxygen dependent 10.6 8.6 <0.001
History of malignancy 24.8 12.0 <0.001
Anemia 46.8 27.1 <0.001
Hospital characteristics      
Hospital region     <0.001
Northeast 15.5 17.9  
Midwest 25.1 24.3  
South 40.1 41.9  
West 19.3 15.9  
Hospital bed size     <0.001
Small 22.1 27.1  
Medium 30.4 30.3  
Large 47.5 42.6  
Urban location 85.7 80.1 <0.001
Teaching hospital 57.1 50.9 <0.001